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Top 60+ Frontend Interview Questions
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October 22 2024

Top 60+ Frontend Interview Questions [2024]

Explore 60+ frontend interview questions, from basics to advanced, essential for freshers and experienced professionals to excel in frontend development roles.

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OVERVIEW

Frontend development involves creating user interfaces using various markup languages and tools, focusing on presenting data from the backend in an interactive and user-friendly manner. A well-designed UI not only captures users' attention but also ensures that elements are arranged aesthetically for different devices, which is at the core of frontend development.

As the demand for skilled frontend continues to rise, preparing for interviews in this field is essential. These 60+ common frontend interview questions are suitable for candidates at all experience levels—whether you’re just starting or have years of experience. These questions cover fundamental topics such as HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, as well as modern frameworks like React and Angular, and industry best practices.

By practicing these questions, you can build confidence and enhance your ability to face frontend interviews effectively, ultimately positioning yourself for success in this competitive job market.

Note : We have compiled all Frontend Interview Questions for your reference in a template format. Check it out now!

Fresher-Level Frontend Interview Questions

Here are some essential frontend interview questions for freshers. These questions cover the fundamental concepts of frontend development, assess knowledge of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, and provide insights into how well candidates understand the building blocks of web design and development.

1. What Is HTML, and Why Is It Important in Web Development?

HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language, which defines the structure of a webpage using tags and attributes. It's essential for web development as it forms the backbone of website structure.

2. What Are the Main Differences Between HTML and XHTML?

HTML and XHTML are essential for web development, but they differ significantly in syntax, structure, and rules. It is one of the most common topics to appear in frontend interview questions.

Feature	HTML	XHTML
Document structure	Optional DOCTYPE	Mandatory DOCTYPE
Element naming	Case-insensitive	Case-sensitive (lowercase)
Closing tags	Optional for some elements.	Required for all elements.
Attribute values	Can be unquoted	Must be quoted
Attribute minimization	Allowed (e.g., checked).	Not allowed (e.g., checked="checked").
Error handling	Browsers attempt to fix errors.	Stricter error handling.

3. Explain Meta Tags in HTML

Meta tags (<meta>) in HTML provide metadata about the HTML document. Metadata refers to information that describes other data, such as document properties and settings. Meta tags are self-closing and are always placed within the <head> tag of an HTML document. They define page descriptions, keywords, author information, viewport settings, and character encoding. These tags are primarily used by web browsers, search engines, and other web services to better understand and rank web pages.

Meta tags help improve a web page’s SEO (Search Engine Optimization) by providing relevant information to search engines, and they also ensure proper display on various devices.

Syntax:

<head>
   <meta attribute-name="value" />
</head>

Some common meta tag attributes include:

name: Describes the purpose of the meta tag, such as keywords, description, or author.
HTTP-equiv: Acts like an HTTP header and can be used to set cache or refresh controls.
content: Specifies the value of the meta tag, such as keywords or page descriptions.
charset: Defines the character encoding of the HTML document, such as UTF-8.

4. How to Create a Table in HTML?

To create a basic table in HTML:

Use the <table> tag to define the table.
Create rows with the <tr> (table row) tag.
Define headers using <th> (table header) tags.
Add data cells using <td> (table data) tags.

5. What Is a Form in HTML? How Is It Used?

In HTML forms, user input data is collected and sent to a server for processing. They allow users to enter information such as names, passwords, email addresses, comments, and other data types.

The <form> element creates a form and can include various form controls such as:

<input>: Handles different input types such as text, email, password, checkboxes, radio buttons, and more.
<textarea>: For entering multi-line text.
<select> and <option>: Used to create dropdown menus.
<button>: Often used to create clickable buttons, typically for form submission.

To use a form:

Define the form structure using <form> tags.
Add input elements within the form.
Include a submit button to send the data.
Specify the form's action (where to send data) and method (how to send it).

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6. What Are Inline, Internal, and External CSS?

CSS is a crucial tool for adding styles to web pages that consist of HTML elements. There are three primary ways to implement CSS: Inline, Internal, and External styles.

Inline CSS: It applies styles directly to an HTML element using the style attribute within the element's tag. It is often used for quick, one-off styling changes for specific elements without requiring a separate CSS file. This approach is suitable when you want to style a single element rapidly without affecting others.
Internal CSS: It is also known as embedded CSS, which involves placing CSS rules inside the <style> tag within the <head> section of an HTML document. This method is useful when the styles are meant to apply only to that specific document. It’s often asked in frontend interview questions when explaining how to control styles within a single page.
External CSS: It stores the styles in a separate file with a .css extension. You link the CSS file to your HTML document using the <link> tag in the <head> section. External CSS allows you to apply consistent styles across multiple web pages, making it an efficient and scalable solution for large projects.

It’s often discussed in frontend interview questions when explaining how to control styles within a single page.

7. Explain the CSS Box Model

The CSS Box Model is an essential concept for controlling the layout and spacing of HTML elements. It consists of several properties that affect the size and positioning of elements on a web page.

The CSS Box Model is composed of four key components:

Content: This is the area where text, images, and other content are displayed.
Padding: The space between the content and the element’s border. It affects the internal spacing of the element.
Border: The line surrounding the padding and content. It can be styled to add visual boundaries.
Margin: The space outside the border, separating the element from neighboring elements. It controls the external spacing between elements.

Understanding the CSS Box Model is crucial for any frontend developer, and it has often appeared in frontend interview questions, as it directly impacts how elements are rendered and spaced on a webpage.

8. What Is the Difference Between Padding and Margin in CSS?

In CSS, padding and margins are essential for controlling the space and layout of elements on a website.

Let’s explore the key differences between these two properties:

Feature	Padding	Margin
Definition	Space inside the element, between its content and border.	Space outside the element, between its border and neighboring elements.
Affects	Internal spacing	External spacing
Collapsing	Does not collapse.	Can collapse vertically between elements.
Border position	Inside padding	Outside margin
Negative values	Not allowed	It can create overlaps.
CSS properties	padding, padding-top, padding-right, padding-bottom, padding-left.	margin, margin-top, margin-right, margin-bottom, margin-left.
Use cases	Increasing the clickable area and creating space around the content.	Controlling space between elements, centering elements.

9. How Do You Select Elements Using CSS Selectors?

CSS Selectors are used to target specific HTML elements and apply styles to them based on different criteria like IDs, classes, or attributes.

The most common types of CSS selectors are:

Element Selector: Selects elements by their tag names (e.g., p, h1, div).
ID Selector: Targets a specific element with a unique id attribute (e.g., #header).
Class Selector: Selects all elements that share a particular class (e.g., .button).
Universal Selector: Applies styles to all elements on a page (e.g., *).
Group Selector: Allows you to apply the same style to multiple comma-separated elements (e.g., h1, h2, p).
Attribute Selector: Targets elements based on their attributes (e.g., [type="text"]).
Pseudo-Class Selector: Styles elements based on their state (e.g., :hover).
Pseudo-Element Selector: Styles a specific part of an element (e.g., ::before, ::after).

10. What Are Pseudo-Classes in CSS? Give Examples

Pseudo-classes in CSS target elements based on their state or position in the document, allowing for more dynamic and interactive styling.

Some commonly used pseudo-classes are:

:hover: Applies a style when the user hovers over an element with their mouse.
:active: Styles an element while it is being clicked or activated.
:focus: Applies styles to an element that is currently focused, often used for input fields.
:visited: Targets links that the user has already visited.
:not(selector): Selects all elements that do not match a specific selector, providing more control without adding additional classes.

Understanding how to use pseudo-classes is essential for building responsive and interactive user interfaces and is often covered in frontend interview questions.

11. What Is Flexbox in CSS, and How Does It Work?

CSS Flexbox is a layout model designed for efficiently aligning and distributing items in a container, especially when the size of the items is unknown or dynamic. Flexbox is a one-dimensional system that arranges items in rows or columns.

How Flexbox Works:

Flexbox is enabled by setting the container’s display property to flex, which makes its children flexible items. The flex-direction property determines whether the items are arranged in rows or columns.

To control alignment and spacing, properties like justify-content (for horizontal alignment) and align-items (for vertical alignment) are used. Flexbox also allows elements to grow or shrink as needed using the flex-grow and flex-shrink properties. This model simplifies tasks like vertical centering and equal height layouts, making it a go-to tool for responsive designs and layout adjustments.

12. What Is the Difference Between Class and ID Selectors in CSS?

CSS Selectors are essential for styling HTML elements. The dot (.) selector selects elements according to their class, while the hash (#) selector selects elements based on their id.

Below are the key differences between them.

Characteristic	Class Selector	ID Selector
Syntax	It starts with a dot (.).	Starts with a hash (#).
Usage in HTML	class="classname"	id="idname"
Specificity	Lower specificity.	Higher specificity.
Multiple values	An element can have multiple classes.	An element should have only one ID.
Performance	Slightly slower (negligible in most cases).	Slightly faster (negligible in most cases).
Reusability	More reusable across elements.	Less reusable, specific to one element.
Use cases	Styling multiple elements.	Styling a unique element, JavaScript hooks.

13. How Do You Center an Element Horizontally and Vertically Using CSS?

Centering a div horizontally and vertically in CSS can be done through various methods, such as using the display: flex and display: grid properties, position: absolute along with transform: translate, display: table paired with display: table-cell, and utilizing line-height.

The following are the ways to center a div in CSS:

display: flex: The display: flex method uses the CSS Flexbox layout to center the div horizontally and vertically within its parent container.

Use the following CSS on the parent container:

.container {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  height: 200vh;
}

Then, apply the following CSS to the div:

div {
  width: 60%;
  height: 60%;
  background-color: lightblue;
}

display: grid: The display: grid method uses the CSS Grid layout to center the div horizontally and vertically within its parent container. Add this CSS to the parent container:

.container {
  display: grid;
  place-items: center;
  height: 200vh;
}

And then, add this CSS to the div:

div {
  width: 60%;
  height: 60%;
  background-color: lightcoral;
}

position: absolute and transform: translate: The position: absolute and transform: translate method uses absolute positioning to center the div within its parent container.

Add the following CSS to the parent container:

.container {
  position: relative;
  height: 200vh;
}

Then apply the following CSS to the div:

div {
  position: absolute;
  top: 50%;
  left: 50%;
  transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
  width: 60%;
  height: 60%;
  background-color: lightgreen;
}

table and table-cell: The table and table-cell method simulates the behavior of a table cell to center the div.

Add this CSS to the parent container:

.container {
  display: table;
  height: 100vh;
  width: 100%;
}

Then, add the following CSS to the div:

div {
  display: table-cell;
  vertical-align: middle;
  text-align: center;
  width: 60%;
  height: 60%;
  background-color: lightyellow;
}

line-height: The line-height method is used to center the div horizontally and vertically. Add this CSS to the parent container:

.container {
  height: 100vh;
  width: 100%;
  text-align: center;
}

Then, apply this CSS to the div:

div {
  display: inline-block;
  line-height: 100vh;
  vertical-align: middle;
  width: 60%;
  height: 60%;
  background-color: lightpink;
}

14. What Is JavaScript, and Why Is It Used in Web Development?

JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language that plays a crucial role in web development. Known for being the scripting language of the web, JavaScript runs directly in the browser, enabling dynamic content and interactive user experiences without requiring a page reload.

It is used in both client-side and server-side development, with its primary role in creating interactive, responsive websites. It supports event handling, DOM manipulation, and asynchronous programming (via promises and async/await) and integrates well with HTML and CSS to enhance user interfaces.

JavaScript's role in enhancing interactivity and managing client-side behavior is a key topic, often related to event handling, DOM manipulation, and asynchronous programming, and has been covered in most of the frontend interview questions.

15. What Are the Different Data Types in JavaScript?

JavaScript data types are mainly divided into two categories: primitive and non-primitive types. This topic frequently appears in frontend interview questions, as it forms the foundation for effective coding and problem-solving in JavaScript.

Below is a glance of the data types in JavaScript:

Data Type	Category	Description
Number	Primitive	Represents both integer and floating-point numbers.
String	Primitive	Represents textual data.
Boolean	Primitive	Represents a logical entity with two values.
Undefined	Primitive	Represents a variable that has been declared but not assigned a value.
Null	Primitive	Represents a deliberate non-value or absence of any object value.
Symbol	Primitive	Represents a unique identifier.
BigInt	Primitive	Represents integers larger than 2^53 - 1.
Object	Complex	Represents a collection of related data.
Array	Complex	A special type of object is used to store ordered collections.
Function	Complex	A special type of object that can be called.

A solid understanding of JavaScript data types, including the differences between primitive and non-primitive types, is crucial for any aspiring developer.

16.What Are the Different Ways to Declare Variables in JavaScript?

In JavaScript, variables can be declared using three main keywords: var, let, and const.

JavaScript var: The var keyword is used to declare variables globally or within a function. Variables declared with var can be accessed and modified throughout their scope. However, they are potentially prone to unintended changes in larger blocks of code. To avoid confusion, it is generally preferred for short or simple scripts.

Example:

var name = "LearningHub";
console.log(name);

JavaScript let: The let keyword is used to declare variables with block-level scope. This means the variable is only accessible within the specific block where it is declared, such as inside a loop or condition. This allows for better control over variable behavior in larger codebases, as variables defined with let can be changed but are restricted to their local scope.

Example:

if (true) {
    let name = "LearningHub";
    console.log(name);
}
console.log(name); // Error: name is not defined

JavaScript const: The const keyword is also block-scoped but differs in that it creates constants. Variables declared with const must be assigned a value upon declaration and cannot be reassigned. While the value itself cannot change, properties of objects or arrays declared with const can still be modified.

Example:

const name = "LearningHub";
console.log(name);

17. What Is the Difference Between Function Expressions and Declarations in JavaScript?

Below are the differences between function expressions and declarations in JavaScript:

Characteristic	Function Declaration	Function Expression
Syntax	function name()	const name = function()
Hoisting	Hoisted entirely.	Only variable declaration is hoisted.
Usage before definition	It can be called before defined in the code.	It cannot be called before defined.
Named function	Always named	It can be anonymous or named.
Use in conditional statements	Not recommended (behavior varies).	It can be used safely.
IIFE (Immediately Invoked Function Expression)	It cannot be immediately invoked.	It can be immediately invoked.
As an argument to other functions	It cannot be used directly.	It can be used directly.
Use cases	General function definitions.	Callbacks, closures, module patterns.

18. What Is the Document Object Model (DOM)?

The Document Object Model (DOM) is a programming interface that represents structured documents, such as HTML and XML, as a tree of objects. Through the DOM, developers can access, manipulate, and modify the elements and content of these documents using scripting languages like JavaScript. Essentially, the DOM acts as an API (Application Programming Interface) that allows dynamic interaction with HTML or XML documents.

The DOM is a standard defined by the W3C (World Wide Web Consortium), providing a unified way to access and manage documents. The W3C DOM standard is divided into three parts:

Core DOM: A standard model applicable to all document types.
XML DOM: A specific model for XML documents.
HTML DOM: A standard model for HTML documents.

19. Explain Cookies in Web Development

Cookies are small data files stored on a user's device that contain specific information related to a website and its users. These cookies help websites remember user preferences and settings, enabling a personalized experience. Cookies can be accessed by either the web server or the browser.

Initially, cookies were used for tasks such as saving language preferences. For example, when a user selects a language on a website, a cookie stores that information, allowing the site to display content in the chosen language upon future visits.

Cookies can store various types of information, such as:

Time of visit
Items added to a shopping cart
Links clicked during a session

Types of cookies include:

Session Cookies: Temporary and deleted once the browser is closed. They are used to manage active user sessions.
Persistent Cookies: Stored on the user's device with a set expiration date. These cookies remain after the browser is closed and can store data such as login details.
Third-party Cookies: They are set by domains other than the one the user is visiting, commonly used by advertisers for tracking purposes.
HTTP Cookies: Used by websites to identify and authenticate users, allowing servers to recognize returning visitors and provide personalized content.

A solid understanding of cookies is crucial for any web developer, and this topic frequently appears in frontend interview questions.

20. What Is the Difference Between localStorage and sessionStorage?

Below is the table explaining the key differences between a localStorage and sessionStorage:

Feature	localStorage	sessionStorage
Lifetime	Persists until explicitly cleared.	Persists for the duration of the page session
Expiration	Does not expire	Expires when the tab/window is closed.
Storage limit	Typically, 5-10 MB (varies by browser).	5-10 MB (varies by browser).
Data sharing	Shared between all pages from the same origin.	Not shared between tabs/windows.
Use cases	Storing user preferences cached data.	Temporary storage for the current session.

21. What Is a Responsive Web Design, and Why Is It Important?

Responsive Web Design refers to creating a website that adjusts its layout based on the screen size of the device it's viewed on, such as a desktop, tablet, or smartphone. This approach ensures usability and accessibility across a variety of devices by adapting the layout to different screen sizes.

Responsive design uses CSS and HTML, often combined with CSS3 and HTML5. It is important because it enhances the user experience, improves accessibility, boosts SEO rankings, and eliminates the need for separate mobile versions of websites, simplifying maintenance.

Understanding how to build a responsive website is one of the crucial web development skills for any developer and is a common topic in frontend interview questions.

To ensure that your responsive designs work seamlessly across multiple devices, it's important to test how they render on different screen sizes. A cloud-based platform like LambdaTest can help you achieve this consistency.

LambdaTest is an AI-powered test execution platform that allows you to perform test websites in different browsers at scale across 3000+ browser and operating system combinations at scale.

One of the key tools it offers is LT Browser, which provides a streamlined solution for testing the mobile view of your website across 50+ device viewports. You can easily check the responsiveness on pre-installed Android and iOS viewports or even configure custom mobile resolutions.

To begin testing the responsiveness of your application with LT Browser, click the download button below. After the .exe file is downloaded, open it to install and unlock all the features and capabilities of LT Browser.

This tool simplifies the process, ensuring your design adapts perfectly to various devices and delivers a flawless user experience.

22. Name Some Basic Design Elements

Some basic design elements include:

Shape: A two-dimensional area defined by an outline, categorized as organic, geometric, or abstract.
Form: The appearance of three-dimensionality on a flat surface, created through techniques such as shading.
Line: A connection between two points used to guide the viewer's eye in a composition.
Value: The lightness or darkness of a color contributes to the perception of depth.
Texture: The perceived or actual feel of an object, adding visual or tactile interest to designs.

The web design concepts mentioned above are fundamental to enhancing the design of elements. Web developers must stay updated with current web design trends to create web elements that are both modern and unique.

23. What Is Load Balancing?

Load balancing is the process of distributing incoming network traffic across multiple servers to ensure optimal performance and high availability. It ensures no single server is overwhelmed by traffic, improving the reliability and efficiency of the system.

Types of load balancers include:

Software Load Balancers in Clients: The client application handles load balancing, selecting servers from a list.
Software Load Balancers in Services: Software-based solutions installed on general-purpose hardware that route traffic based on predefined rules.
Hardware Load Balancers: Physical devices that manage traffic, offering high performance but with less flexibility.
Virtual Load Balancers: Implemented in virtual environments to distribute traffic and optimize resource use.

24. What Is Npm?

npm, or Node Package Manager, is the largest software registry globally, widely used in the development community. It enables developers to share and utilize various packages for open-source web projects.

Additionally, npm serves as a command-line tool for managing Node.js projects, helping developers install packages, manage dependencies, and control versioning. Understanding npm is essential for frontend developers, as it plays a crucial role in modern web development practices and often appears in frontend interview questions.

25. Explain the Difference Between Position: Static, Relative, Absolute, and Fixed

The CSS position property in CSS defines how an element is positioned in a document. Here’s a breakdown of the different types:

This distinction is fundamental in frontend development and is commonly asked in frontend interview questions to assess your understanding.

Characteristic	Static	Relative	Absolute	Fixed
Default behavior	Yes	No	No	No
In normal document flow	Yes	Yes	No	No
Space occupied in the layout	Yes	Yes	No	No
Positioning context	N/A	Itself	Nearest positioned ancestor or initial containing block.	Viewport
Affected by scrolling	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
Offset properties (top, right, bottom, left)	No effect	Relative to normal position.	Relative to the positioned ancestor	Relative to viewport.
Creates new stacking context	No	No	Only with z-index	Always
Effect on other elements	None	None	Other elements ignore it.	Other elements ignore it.

26. What Is SQL Injection?

SQL Injection is a technique used by attackers to exploit vulnerabilities in web applications by injecting malicious SQL code into queries through user input fields. This is one of the most common and dangerous web security threats. It's often discussed in frontend interviews, especially when addressing web application security.

This type of attack can manipulate the database by running unauthorized SQL commands, potentially leading to data theft, loss, or even corruption.

For example, when a web application prompts a user to input their username or user ID, an attacker could instead enter harmful SQL code, which the application may mistakenly execute, resulting in a serious security breach.

27. What Is Scope in JavaScript?

Scope in JavaScript defines the accessibility of variables and functions based on where they are declared. It determines which parts of your code can access particular variables or functions. For instance, variables declared inside a function are accessible only within that function, whereas globally declared variables can be accessed from any part of the script.

There are various types of scope in JavaScript, such as global, function, block, and lexical scope. Understanding scope is crucial for writing clean, maintainable code, and it often comes up in frontend interview questions as it directly impacts how a developer structures their code and manages data access within a web application.

28. What Is Encapsulation?

Encapsulation is the process of bundling code and data into a single unit. It hides the complex Internal functioning and shows only what's necessary to use it.

29. What Is Polymorphism?

Polymorphism is a concept that allows a single action to be performed in multiple ways. The term originates from two Greek words: "poly," meaning many, and "morphs," meaning forms.

Essentially, polymorphism refers to the ability of a function or method to operate on different data types or objects. This concept is commonly discussed in frontend interview questions related to programming languages and design patterns.

The frontend interview questions discussed above are vital for any fresher, as they establish a foundational understanding of key concepts and practices in frontend development. Grasping these fundamentals is essential for developing a robust skill set and excelling in interviews.

As you advance, you will learn intermediate-level frontend interview questions that will further enhance your knowledge and expertise. This progression will enable you to handle more complex topics and scenarios, helping you elevate your skills in the web development field.

Intermediate-Level Frontend Interview Questions

These frontend interview questions focus on intermediate topics and are ideal for candidates with some experience in frontend development. They are designed to evaluate your ability to handle complex scenarios and enhance performance, ultimately helping you advance your skills in this field.

30. What Is the CSS Z-index Property?

The z-index property controls the positioning of elements along the z-axis, meaning it can move them in or out of the screen. It determines the stacking order of elements that overlap each other.

Syntax:

z-index: auto | <integer> | initial | inherit;

Values:

auto: Default. Element stacks in order of appearance in the DOM.
<integer>: Numerical value (positive or negative). Higher values appear on top.
initial: Sets to default value.
inherit: Inherits value from the parent element.

Note that the z-index property only works on elements with a position value set to relative, absolute, or fixed. Understanding this property is essential for web developers, and this topic is often covered in most of the frontend interview questions as it is related to layout and design.

31. What Is Webpack?

Webpack is a powerful build tool that compiles all assets—such as JavaScript, images, fonts, and CSS—into a dependency graph. It enables the use of require() in your source code to reference local files, like images, and manages their processing within the final JavaScript bundle. For instance, Webpack can substitute a file path with a URL leading to a CDN.

This is crucial as it demonstrates your understanding of asset management and optimization in modern web development, and this topic has often appeared in most of the frontend interview questions.

32. Why and When Should I Use Webpack?

Webpack is particularly beneficial for complex frontend applications that contain numerous non-code static assets, such as CSS, images, and fonts. In these scenarios, Webpack offers significant advantages in managing and optimizing these assets.

However, for smaller applications with few static assets—where only a single JavaScript file is needed for client-side use—Webpack might introduce unnecessary complexity. In such cases, the overhead of setting up and maintaining Webpack could outweigh its benefits. This distinction is often discussed in frontend interview questions to assess your ability to choose the right tools for the job.

33. What Is the Difference Between == and === in JavaScript?

In JavaScript, equality operators—double equals (==) and triple equals (===)—are used to compare two values, but they function differently.

Double equals (==) converts values to the same data type before comparing them while
Triple equals (===) compares both the value and its data type without any conversion.

Characteristic	== (Loose Equality)	=== (Strict Equality)
Type Coercion	Yes	No
Comparison	Values only	Values and types
Null == Undefined	True	False
Number == String	Converts the string to a number.	False
Boolean == Non-Boolean	Converts boolean to number.	False
Performance	Slightly slower due to type coercion.	Faster
Predictability	Less predictable due to coercion.	More predictable
Best Practice	Generally avoided in modern JS.	Preferred in most cases.

This understanding is vital for frontend developers, and this question has often appeared in most of the frontend interview questions that assess your grasp of JavaScript fundamentals.

34. How are JavaScript and jQuery Different?

JavaScript is a versatile programming language used to create dynamic and interactive web content, while jQuery is a lightweight library built on JavaScript that simplifies tasks such as DOM manipulation, event handling, and making AJAX requests.

Below is the detailed difference between JavaScript and jQuery:

Characteristic	JavaScript	jQuery
Definition	A full-fledged programming language.	A JavaScript library.
Syntax	More verbose, native syntax.	Simplified, concise syntax.
Browser Compatibility	It may require extra code for cross-browser compatibility.	Handles cross-browser compatibility issues.
Learning Curve	Steeper, but provides a deeper understanding of web development.	Easier to learn and use quickly.
Performance	Generally faster, especially for simple operations.	It is slightly slower due to the additional abstraction layer.
File Size	No additional file size.	Requires including the jQuery library (about 30KB minified and gzipped).
Modern Web Development	It is still widely used and essential.	It is less common in modern frameworks but still used in many existing projects.

35. Why Do We Use jQuery?

Because of the following reasons:

jQuery provides a simplified syntax which makes coding more efficient and readable.
It provides excellent cross-browser compatibility, so developers don't need to write browser-specific code.
The rich ecosystem of jQuery plugins and extensions lets developers add complex functionality to websites without writing everything from scratch.
jQuery excels at DOM manipulation by making it easy to select and modify HTML elements.
jQuery includes built-in methods for creating smooth animations and visual effects to enhance user experience.
jQuery often has a gentler learning curve for beginners compared to pure JavaScript.

36. What Are the Advantages of REST Web Services?

REST web services offer several advantages that make them a popular choice for developers:

Standard HTTP Methods: REST utilizes standard HTTP methods (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE), making it easy to implement and understand.
Lightweight Architecture: There is no need for additional messaging layers, which helps maintain a lightweight architecture.
Statelessness: REST’s stateless nature allows it to handle many concurrent users effectively.
Cross-Platform Compatibility: RESTful systems are compatible with any programming language and can run on any platform.
Isolation of Failures: System failures are easier to isolate, minimizing the impact on other parts of the system.
Multiple Data Formats: REST supports various data formats, including JSON, XML, and YAML, providing flexibility.
Scalability: Services can be distributed more easily across multiple servers.

Understanding these advantages is essential for frontend developers, and this question has been covered in most of the frontend interview questions as they relate to API design and implementation.

37. What Is Content Security Policy?

Content Security Policy (CSP) is a security standard introduced to prevent cross-site scripting (XSS), clickjacking, and other code injection attacks that can occur when malicious content executes within the context of a trusted web page. Developed by the W3C Web Application Security working group, CSP is widely supported by modern web browsers.

CSP provides a standardized method for website owners to declare the approved origins of content that browsers are allowed to load. This covers various content types, including JavaScript, CSS, HTML frames, web workers, fonts, images, and audio or video files.

By controlling the origins of content, CSP helps protect web applications from security vulnerabilities, ensuring that only trusted sources are permitted to execute or be loaded within a web page. This question is often covered in most of the frontend interview questions focused on security best practices.

38. What Is Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) and Its Types?

Cross-site scripting (XSS) is a security vulnerability found in certain web applications that allows attackers to inject client-side scripts into web pages viewed by other users. XSS can be exploited to bypass access controls, such as the same-origin policy, designed to prevent unauthorized access to resources across different domains.

It is one of the most common vulnerabilities on the web today, leading to severe consequences such as account compromise, account deletion, privilege escalation, and malware infection.

There are two primary types of XSS:

Reflected XSS: This occurs when input must be provided each time for the attack to succeed. In reflected XSS attacks, a payload is delivered directly to the victim, who requests a page containing the payload embedded in the response as a script.
Stored XSS: This occurs when the payload is stored on the server and executes every time the affected page is accessed without requiring the user to submit the payload again.

Understanding XSS is crucial for any web developer, and this topic frequently appears in frontend interview questions, especially those related to web security.

39. What Is User-Centered Design?

User-centered design (UCD) emphasizes the needs, preferences, and behaviors of users throughout the product design and development process. This iterative approach involves engaging users at every stage, from initial research and concept development to prototyping and testing.

By employing various research methods and design techniques, UCD teams gain valuable insights into user experiences, allowing them to create products that are not only highly usable but also accessible to a diverse range of users.

Understanding UCD principles is often a key topic in frontend interview questions related to user experience design. You can apply these UCD principles and enhance your designs by conducting usability testing or user testing.

Subscribe to the LambdaTest YouTube Channel and get the latest updates on various automation testing, browser compatibility, and more.

40. What Is Callback Hell and What Is Its Main Cause?

Callback hell refers to a JavaScript situation where numerous nested callbacks create complex, heavily indented code, often called the "pyramid of doom." This structure complicates readability, debugging, and maintenance, leading to issues with code quality and scalability.

For example:

asyncOperation1(function(result1) {
  asyncOperation2(result1, function(result2) {
    asyncOperation3(result2, function(result3) {
      asyncOperation4(result3, function(result4) {
        // More nested callbacks...
      });
    });
  });
});

The primary cause of callback hell is the excessive use of callbacks to handle asynchronous operations, especially when these operations depend on one another and need to be executed in a specific order.

Understanding callback hell is important for frontend interview questions that assess your knowledge of asynchronous programming in JavaScript.

41. What Is the Difference Between Display: None and Visibility: Hidden in CSS?

Here’s a comparison of display: none and visibility: hidden in CSS:

Characteristic	display: none	visibility: hidden
Visibility	The element is not visible.	The element is not visible.
Space occupied	Does not occupy space in the layout.	Still occupies space in the layout.
DOM rendering	Element is removed from the DOM flow.	The element remains in the DOM flow.
Accessibility	Not readable by screen readers.	It may still be read by some screen readers.
Transitions	It cannot be transitioned.	Can be transitioned (e.g., fade effects).
Event handling	Does not respond to events.	Can still respond to events.
Page reflow	Causes reflow when toggled.	Does not cause reflow when toggled.
CSS inheritance	Not inherited by children.	Inherited by children.
Use cases	Completely removing elements from view and layout.	Hiding elements while preserving their space.
Performance	Can improve page performance if many elements are hidden	Minimal impact on performance

Understanding the differences between these properties is crucial for frontend interview questions that focus on layout and visibility control in web development.

42. What Is Sass?

Sass, which stands for Syntactically Awesome Style Sheets, is an advanced CSS preprocessor that enhances standard CSS with additional features. It supports variables, nested rules, mixins, inline imports, and inheritance while remaining fully compatible with CSS syntax.

As a powerful extension of CSS, Sass allows for cleaner and more structured styles, making it particularly beneficial for managing large stylesheets. By keeping styles organized and efficient, Sass can improve the speed and performance of both large and small stylesheets. Knowledge of Sass is often relevant in frontend interview questions that pertain to modern CSS methodologies.

43. What Is Strict Mode?

The use strict directive introduced in ECMAScript version 5 is a literal expression that earlier versions of JavaScript ignore. Its primary purpose is to enable strict mode, which enforces stricter parsing and error handling in the code.

When strict mode is activated—by placing use strict; at the beginning of a script or function—it helps to:

Catch coding errors and "silent" failures.
Prevent accidental global variables.
Eliminate this coercion.
Disallow duplicate parameter names.
Throw errors on invalid usage of delete.

44. What Is a CSS Rule?

A CSS rule is a statement that defines the styles applied to one or more HTML elements. It consists of a selector and a declaration block. The selector identifies the HTML elements to be styled, while the declaration block contains one or more declarations, each separated by semicolons. Understanding CSS rules is fundamental for web developers, and it is often covered in frontend interview questions, as they form the backbone of web design.

45. What Is the Difference Between Absolute and Relative Units in CSS?

The following table highlights the major differences between absolute and relative units in CSS:

Characteristic	Absolute Units	Relative Units
Definition	Fixed size, regardless of other elements.	Size relative to other elements or viewport.
Common units	px, pt, cm, mm, in	em, rem, %, vh, vw
Scalability	Don't scale with parent or screen size.	Scale based on parent or screen size.
Responsiveness	Less suitable for responsive design.	Better for responsive design.
Use cases	Print layouts, fixed-size elements.	Web layouts, responsive design.
Precision	Highly precise.	It can be less precise and more flexible.
Accessibility	It may cause issues when the user changes font size.	Generally more accessible.

46. How Do You Optimize a Website for Mobile Devices?

Here are several strategies to optimize a website for mobile devices:

Use a Responsive Design: Responsive design is essential for mobile optimization, ensuring the site adjusts to various screen sizes.
Optimize Images: Use appropriate image formats, compress files, and consider utilizing a Content Delivery Network (CDN) for faster loading times.
Keep the Design Simple: A straightforward layout makes it easier for users to find the information they need.
Make Touch Targets Accessible: Ensure buttons are large enough for users to tap easily, and design touch-friendly menus.
Prioritize Content: Keep content short and concise, emphasizing the most important information.
Eliminate Pop-Ups: Avoid intrusive ads and pop-ups that can hinder the mobile experience.
Use Mobile-Friendly Fonts: Choose fonts that are legible on smaller screens.
Implement Accelerated Mobile Pages (AMP): AMP is a framework that helps web pages load almost instantly on mobile devices.

Optimizing websites for mobile devices is crucial for developers. Understanding the various techniques for making a website responsive to mobile is essential.

To learn more about creating mobile-friendly websites, follow this blog on mobile-friendly websites. This topic frequently appears in frontend interview questions, especially in discussions about user experience.

47. Explain the Difference Between Block, Inline, and Inline-Block Elements in CSS

The CSS display property includes various layout values, such as block, inline, and inline-block. Understanding these distinctions is crucial for frontend developers and is a common topic in frontend interview questions.

Characteristic	Block	Inline	Inline-Block
Default width	100% of parent	Content width	Content width
Line break	Starts on a new line	No line break	No line break
Height and width	Respect height and width	Ignores height and width	Respect height and width
Vertical margins	Respected	Ignored	Respected
Horizontal margins	Respected	Respected	Respected
Padding	Respected	Only horizontal respected	Respected
Can contain block elements	Yes	No	Yes
Examples	<div>, <p>, <h1>-<h6>	<span>, <a>, <strong>	Elements with display: inline-block
Use cases	Page sections, paragraphs	Text styling, links	Navigation items, inline layout with dimensions

The intermediate-level frontend interview questions listed above are designed to help both beginners and those with some experience prepare effectively for interviews.

As you advance in your career, you will encounter more challenging questions that are particularly relevant for experienced developers. These questions will help deepen your understanding and expertise in various frontend development concepts, ensuring you're well-prepared for the demands of the industry.

Experienced-Level Frontend Interview Questions

Here are some of the most frequently asked coding problems in frontend interview questions. These challenges cover a wide range of topics, from basic web development tasks to more complex scenarios, helping you develop strong problem-solving skills.

Additionally, by exploring advanced frontend interview questions, you will gain a deeper understanding of intricate web technologies and optimization strategies. This knowledge will equip you to tackle complex coding scenarios and build efficient, high-performance web applications effectively.

48. What Are Web Components?

Web components are custom HTML elements defined by developers with unique tag names, functioning as encapsulated and reusable code snippets. Similar to standard HTML elements, web components can accept attributes and respond to events.

They enhance the functionality of web applications without requiring additional third-party code, as they are based on standardized web technology. Web components can range from simple text displays to highly interactive features, making them versatile tools in modern web development.

49. What Is the Difference Between Display: None and Visibility: Hidden in CSS?

Here’s a comparison of display: none and visibility: hidden in CSS:

Characteristic	display: none	visibility: hidden
Visibility	The element is not visible.	The element is not visible.
Space occupied	Does not occupy space in the layout.	Still occupies space in the layout.
DOM rendering	Element is removed from the DOM flow.	The element remains in the DOM flow.
Accessibility	Not readable by screen readers.	It may still be read by some screen readers.
Transitions	It cannot be transitioned.	Can be transitioned (e.g., fade effects).
Event handling	Does not respond to events.	Can still respond to events.
Page reflow	Causes reflow when toggled.	Does not cause reflow when toggled.
CSS inheritance	Not inherited by children.	Inherited by children.
Use cases	Completely removing elements from view and layout.	Hiding elements while preserving their space.
Performance	Can improve page performance if many elements are hidden	Minimal impact on performance

50. What Is Meant by the KISS Principle?

The KISS principle, which stands for "Keep It Simple, Stupid" or "Keep It Short and Simple," is a design guideline emphasizing the importance of simplicity in the design and development processes. This principle suggests that most systems work best when kept simple rather than complicated.

Therefore, simplicity should be a primary goal in design, and unnecessary complexity should be avoided. While not all solutions need to be overly simplistic, they should be as straightforward as possible while still effectively addressing the problem at hand. Understanding the KISS principle is important for developers, and it is often discussed in frontend interview questions related to design efficiency.

51. How Does Concurrency Work in Node.js?

In Node.js, everything runs concurrently except for the executing code itself. This means that multiple threads operate within the Node.js virtual machine or a thread pool, which are utilized when calling asynchronous functions, such as performing I/O operations on files, accessing databases, or making URL requests.

However, the code runs on a single thread that processes events from an event queue. When a callback is registered, its reference is passed to a background worker thread. Once the asynchronous operation completes, a new event is added to the event queue along with the callback.

When Node.js receives an I/O request, it either creates a new thread or utilizes an existing one to carry out the I/O operation. After the operation is complete, the result is pushed to the event queue. The event loop then checks the queue and, if the execution stack of Node.js is empty, adds the result from the queue to the execution stack for processing.

52. Mention What Is the Difference Between PUT and POST?

PUT is used to update an existing resource or create a new resource at a specified URI, and it is idempotent, meaning multiple identical requests will have the same effect. In contrast, POST is used to create a new resource or submit data for processing, and it is not idempotent, meaning multiple identical requests can create multiple resources.

Below are the detailed differences between PUT and POST:

Aspect	PUT	POST
Purpose	Updates an existing resource or creates a new resource if it doesn't exist.	Creates a new resource or submits data to be processed.
Idempotency	Idempotent (multiple identical requests should have the same effect as a single request).	Not idempotent (multiple identical requests may result in multiple resources being created).
Resource Identification	The client specifies the exact resource location (URI).	The server decides where to store the new resource and may generate a new URI.
Request Body	Typically contains the entire updated resource.	It can contain data for creating a new resource or data to be processed.
Use Cases	Updating existing resources, putting a resource at a specific URL.	Creating new resources and submitting form data.

53. What Are Defer and Async Attributes on a <Script> Tag?

When neither the defer or async attribute is present on a <script> tag, the script is downloaded and executed synchronously, halting the parsing of the HTML document until execution is complete.

The defer attribute allows the script to be downloaded while continuing to parse the HTML. However, it defers execution until the document has finished parsing. For example:

defer attribute: When a script tag has the defer attribute, it tells the browser to download the script file while continuing to parse the HTML document but to wait until the document has finished parsing before executing the script.

For example:

<script src="script.js" defer></script>

aysnc attribute: The async attribute allows the script to be downloaded asynchronously while the rest of the page continues parsing. Once the script is downloaded, it will execute immediately, regardless of whether the HTML document parsing is complete.

For example:

<script src="script.js" async></script>

Understanding these attributes can help developers optimize performance by ensuring that scripts load efficiently without blocking the rendering of other web elements. This topic frequently comes up in frontend interview questions, as it relates to best practices for managing script execution and improving overall user experience.

54. What Does SOLID Stand for? What Are Its Principles?

SOLID is an acronym for five key principles of object-oriented programming and design, which are often discussed in frontend interview questions:

Single Responsibility Principle: A class should have only one reason to change.
Open-Closed Principle: Software entities should be open for extension but closed for modification.
Liskov Substitution Principle: Objects of a superclass should be replaceable with objects of its subclasses without affecting program correctness.
Interface Segregation Principle: Many client-specific interfaces are better than one general-purpose interface.
Dependency Inversion Principle: Depend on abstractions, not concretions.

55. What Is Clickjacking?

Clickjacking is a deceptive attack that tricks users into clicking on one element while unknowingly activating another. This method, also known as user interface (UI) redressing, creates the illusion that users are interacting with a legitimate UI while a hidden interface controls the actual action. Understanding clickjacking is crucial for developers to effectively manage user interactions and enhance web security.

This topic is frequently discussed in frontend interview questions focused on security best practices.

56. What Is Coercion in JavaScript?

Coercion in JavaScript refers to the automatic or explicit conversion between different data types. This can happen either implicitly or explicitly.

Here's an example of explicit coercion:

// Number to String
let num2 = 42;
let str2 = String(num2);
console.log(str2); // "42"

Here's an example of Implicit coercion:

// Boolean and Number
let sum = true + 1;
console.log(sum); // 2 (true is coerced to 1)

A solid understanding of coercion is often emphasized in frontend interview questions, particularly when discussing data types and type conversions.

57. How Would You Implement Lazy Loading in a Web Application?

This question often appears in many frontend interview questions.

To implement lazy loading in a web application, below are the steps that any developer must follow:

Identify Components to Lazy Load: Determine which elements can be deferred for initial loading, such as off-screen images or non-critical modules.
Use Dynamic Imports for JavaScript: Replace static imports with dynamic imports to load JavaScript modules on demand.
Implement Code Splitting: Utilize tools like Webpack to divide code into smaller chunks that can be loaded as needed.
Leverage a Framework Built-in Lazy Loading: If using frameworks like React, Angular, or Vue, take advantage of their lazy loading capabilities.

These techniques are relevant for improving web application performance and are frequently discussed among frontend developers.

58. What Is the Difference Between Server-Side Rendering (SSR) and Client-Side Rendering (CSR)?

Here's a comparison of Server-Side Rendering (SSR) and Client-Side Rendering (CSR) in web development:

Characteristic	Server-Side Rendering (SSR)	Client-Side Rendering (CSR)
Rendering location	Server	Browser
Initial page load	Faster	Slower
Subsequent navigation	Typically slower	Faster
SEO	Better	Potentially challenging
Browser resource usage	Lower	Higher
Caching	Easier to implement	More challenging
JavaScript dependency	Less dependent	Heavily dependent
State management	Simpler	More complex
User experience	Better for slow devices/connections.	Smoother for fast devices/connections.
Framework examples	Next.js (React), Nuxt.js (Vue).	Create React App, Vue CLI.

59. What Is a Content Delivery Network (CDN)?

A Content Delivery Network (CDN) is a network of distributed servers designed to deliver web content quickly and efficiently.

By caching content closer to end-users, CDNs improve load times and enhance the overall performance of web applications. Understanding how CDNs work can be beneficial for developers, particularly in optimizing images and managing cache effectively.

This topic is often relevant in frontend interview questions, as it highlights the importance of performance optimization in web development.

60. What Is Redux, and What Are Its Core Principles?

Redux is an open-source JavaScript library that implements the Flux architectural pattern for managing application state predictably.

The core principles of Redux include:

Single Source of Truth: The application's state is represented by a single immutable state tree, simplifying state management and debugging.
Read-Only: State cannot be modified directly; changes are made by dispatching actions that create new state objects.
Changes Made with Pure Functions: State changes are managed by pure reducers, which take the current state and an action as input to return a new state.
Unidirectional Data Flow: State changes occur through dispatching actions, ensuring a clear data flow within the application.

These principles are essential concepts often discussed in frontend interview questions.

61. What Is the Difference Between Angular and React?

Here's a comparison of Angular and React, two popular frontend frameworks/libraries:

Aspect	Angular	React
Type	full-fledged framework	JavaScript library
Learning Curve	Steeper	Gentler
Language	TypeScript	JavaScript (JSX)
DOM	Real DOM	Virtual DOM
Data Binding	Two-way	One-way
Architecture	Complete MVC	View layer of MVC
Size	Larger	Smaller
Mobile Development	Ionic, NativeScript	React Native
Testing	Jasmine, Karma.	Jest, React Testing Library.
Community & Ecosystem	Large, but smaller than React	Very large and active
Backed By	Google	Facebook
Server-Side Rendering	Angular Universal	Next.js
State Management	Built-in services and RxJS.	External libraries (e.g., Redux, MobX).
Template Syntax	Uses its template syntax	Uses JSX
Suitable For	Large, feature-rich applications.	Both small and large applications.

62. How Do You Handle Authentication in a Frontend Application?

Handling authentication in a frontend application can be approached in several ways:

Backend for Frontend (BFF): Redirect the browser app to the Backend API, which constructs an OIDC Authorize URL for user authentication. Upon successful login, the Backend API sets a secure session cookie and redirects back to the app.
Security Headers: Implement security headers like CSP, SRI, HSTS, and HPKP to prevent vulnerabilities like Cross-Site Scripting (XSS).
HTTPS with SSL: Use SSL to encrypt data transfers, ensuring the protection of personal information.
Tokens: After successful verification, the server can return a token that the client uses for subsequent requests. This token can be stored in localStorage, cookies, or a local cache for native mobile apps.
Access Controls: While HTTP cookies are a secure way to store tokens, they can be vulnerable to CSRF attacks. Employ Non-Simple Requests to help mitigate these risks.

Authentication methods like these are helpful for developers in effectively managing various authentication issues they encounter. This topic frequently appears in frontend interview questions, emphasizing its importance in web development.

63. Explain Context API in React.

The Context API in React allows developers to pass global variables throughout an application, making it especially useful for sharing states between deeply nested components. Unlike Redux, the Context API is lightweight and simpler to implement, using React.createContext() to create a context.

This API addresses prop drilling, which occurs when data must be passed through several layers of components, potentially leading to performance issues.

By creating global variables accessible anywhere in the application, the Context API eliminates the need for intermediate components and simplifies state management compared to React Redux. The Context API is often discussed in most of the frontend interview questions.

64. What Is CORS and Its Types?

CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing) is a security mechanism that allows or restricts web applications from accessing resources on different domains.

By default, web browsers block requests made from one domain to another for security purposes, but CORS provides a way to bypass this restriction.

When a cross-origin request is made, the server hosting the resource can respond with an HTTP header called Access-Control-Allow-Origin, indicating which domains are permitted to access the resource. If this header is absent, the browser will block the request and display an error.

CORS supports two types of requests:

Simple Requests: The client sends a request with an Origin header, and the server checks if the Origin matches its allowed origins.
Complex Requests: For methods like POST or PUT, the browser sends a preflight request (an HTTP OPTIONS request) to ask the server which methods and origins are allowed before the actual request is sent.

Conclusion

These 60+ frontend interview questions and answers serve as a solid resource for preparing for interviews in 2024. By familiarizing yourself with these questions and practicing your responses, you can enhance your confidence and effectiveness while facing frontend interviews. This preparation not only helps you demonstrate your analytical skills and technical expertise but also positions you to stand out in the competitive job market of 2024, ultimately advancing your career in this dynamic field.

All the best!

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Overview
Fresher-Level Frontend Interview Questions
Intermediate-Level Frontend Interview Questions
Experienced-Level Frontend Interview Questions
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

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Frequently asked questions

General

What Is a Frontend Developer?

A Frontend Developer is a type of Software Engineer responsible for managing the User Interface (UI) of a website. Web development is divided into three categories: Frontend Development, Back-End Development, and Full-Stack Development. People who specialize in Frontend Development are known as Frontend Developers.

What Are the Best Frontend JavaScript Frameworks to Use in 2024?

As of 2024, some of the best frontend JavaScript frameworks include:

React
Vue.js
Angular
Next.js
Nuxt.js

How Do I Prepare for a Frontend Developer Interview?

To prepare for a frontend developer interview:

Review core web technologies: HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.
Practice coding challenges on platforms like LeetCode or HackerRank.
Familiarize yourself with popular frontend frameworks and libraries.
Understand basic web performance optimization techniques.
Review common interview questions and prepare thoughtful answers.

Author's Profile

Tahneet Kanwal

Tahneet Kanwal is a software engineer with a passion for frontend development and a keen eye for user experience. With a strong foundation in web technologies, she brings a practical perspective to her writing. As a technical content writer at LambdaTest, Tahneet combines her engineering expertise with her communication skills to craft engaging, SEO-friendly articles. Her work spans various topics in web development, software testing, and emerging tech trends, keeping readers informed and inspired.

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Reviewer's Profile

Saniya Gazala

Saniya Gazala, a Computer Science graduate, brings two years of hands-on experience in manual testing and delving into technical writing, showcasing her detail-oriented and systematic approach. As a technical reviewer, her key responsibilities involve spotting inconsistencies and factual errors in content. Leveraging her in-depth knowledge, she ensures the accuracy and coherence of the material under review.

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