How to use onClose method of org.openqa.selenium.remote.http.Interface WebSocket.Listener class

Update: The textContent attribute is a better option and supported across the majority of browsers. The differences are explained in detail at this blog post: innerText vs. textContent

As an alternative, the innerText attribute will return the text content of an element which exists in the DOM.

element.getAttribute("innerText")

The isDisplayed() method can sometimes trip over when the element is not really hidden but outside the viewport; getText() returns an empty string for such an element.

You can also bring the element into the viewport by scrolling to it using javascript, as follows:

((JavaScriptExecutor)driver).executeScript("arguments[0].scrollIntoView(true);", element);

and then getText() should return the correct value.

Details on the isDisplayed() method can be found in this SO question:

How does Selenium WebDriver's isDisplayed() method work

Implicit and Explicit Waits

Implicit Wait

An implicit wait is to tell WebDriver to poll the DOM for a certain amount of time when trying to find an element or elements if they are not immediately available. The default setting is 0. Once set, the implicit wait is set for the life of the WebDriver object instance.

driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

Explicit Wait + Expected Conditions

An explicit waits is code you define to wait for a certain condition to occur before proceeding further in the code. The worst case of this is Thread.sleep(), which sets the condition to an exact time period to wait. There are some convenience methods provided that help you write code that will wait only as long as required. WebDriverWait in combination with ExpectedCondition is one way this can be accomplished.

WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, 10);
WebElement element = wait.until(
        ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(By.id("someid")));

It is actually possible to scroll automatically to element. Although this is not a good solution in this case (there must be a way to get it working without scrolling) I will post it as a workaround. I hope someone will come up with better idea...

public void scrollAndClick(By by)
{
   WebElement element = driver.findElement(by);
   int elementPosition = element.getLocation().getY();
   String js = String.format("window.scroll(0, %s)", elementPosition);
   ((JavascriptExecutor)driver).executeScript(js);
   element.click();
}

The syntax you have used that is not for cssSelector that for XPATH and you have missed parenthesis as well.

Try following xpath now.

WebElement big = browser.findElement(By.xpath("//div[contains(@class,'Big')]"));
WebElement medium = big.findElement(By.xpath(".//div[contains(@class,'Medium')]"));
WebElement small = medium.findElement(By.xpath(".//div[contains(@class,'Small')]"));

However you can do it in once like.

WebElement small = browser.findElement(By.xpath("//div[contains(@class,'Big')]//div[contains(@class,'Medium')]//div[contains(@class,'Small')]"));

Just for anyone else who's looking for an answer in Ruby, Python, and C# bindings (Selenium 2.33.0).

Note that the actual keys to send depend on your OS. For example, Mac uses CMD + T, instead of Ctrl + T.

Ruby

require 'selenium-webdriver'

driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :firefox
driver.get('http://stackoverflow.com/')

body = driver.find_element(:tag_name => 'body')
body.send_keys(:control, 't')

driver.quit

Python

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys

driver = webdriver.Firefox()
driver.get("http://stackoverflow.com/")

body = driver.find_element_by_tag_name("body")
body.send_keys(Keys.CONTROL + 't')

driver.close()

C#

using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Firefox;

namespace StackOverflowTests {

    class OpenNewTab {

        static void Main(string[] args) {

            IWebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
            driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("http://stackoverflow.com/");

            IWebElement body = driver.FindElement(By.TagName("body"));
            body.SendKeys(Keys.Control + 't');

            driver.Quit();
        }
    }
}

Since I posted this question, I've found a few different solutions to this problem. I'm posting them here for reference so that this question is useful to others:

When drag and drop in Selenium failed to work for HTML5, a defect was entered against Selenium and some people commented on the defect with suggested Javascript work around solutions:

JQuery/HTML5 Solution

http://code.google.com/p/selenium/issues/detail?id=3604#c9

This is a ruby-based solution, which could be translated into Java, C#, or any other language supported by Selenium. It requires JQuery to be on the page, as is clear from many of the comments from other users trying to use this solution, and it seems this only works for HTML5 pages:

The workaround we put together is working for us. It's been a life saver for testing our Ember.js app.

attached is the latest version of what we are using...

this is what we have in our test_helper:

  def drag_and_drop(source,target)

    js_filepath=File.dirname(__FILE__)+"/drag_and_drop_helper.js"
    js_file= File.new(js_filepath,"r")
    java_script=""

    while (line=js_file.gets)
      java_script+=line
    end

    js_file.close

    @driver.execute_script(java_script+"$('#{source}').simulateDragDrop({ dropTarget: '#{target}'});")

    rescue Exception => e
      puts "ERROR :" + e.to_s

  end

The source code for the referenced Javascript drag and drop simulation is posted here:

https://gist.github.com/rcorreia/2362544

(function( $ ) {
    $.fn.simulateDragDrop = function(options) {
        return this.each(function() {
            new $.simulateDragDrop(this, options);
        });
    };
    $.simulateDragDrop = function(elem, options) {
        this.options = options;
        this.simulateEvent(elem, options);
    };
    $.extend($.simulateDragDrop.prototype, {
        simulateEvent: function(elem, options) {
            /*Simulating drag start*/
            var type = 'dragstart';
            var event = this.createEvent(type);
            this.dispatchEvent(elem, type, event);

            /*Simulating drop*/
            type = 'drop';
            var dropEvent = this.createEvent(type, {});
            dropEvent.dataTransfer = event.dataTransfer;
            this.dispatchEvent($(options.dropTarget)[0], type, dropEvent);

            /*Simulating drag end*/
            type = 'dragend';
            var dragEndEvent = this.createEvent(type, {});
            dragEndEvent.dataTransfer = event.dataTransfer;
            this.dispatchEvent(elem, type, dragEndEvent);
        },
        createEvent: function(type) {
            var event = document.createEvent("CustomEvent");
            event.initCustomEvent(type, true, true, null);
            event.dataTransfer = {
                data: {
                },
                setData: function(type, val){
                    this.data[type] = val;
                },
                getData: function(type){
                    return this.data[type];
                }
            };
            return event;
        },
        dispatchEvent: function(elem, type, event) {
            if(elem.dispatchEvent) {
                elem.dispatchEvent(event);
            }else if( elem.fireEvent ) {
                elem.fireEvent("on"+type, event);
            }
        }
    });
})(jQuery);

Another user posted additional code when it didn't work completely for him, along with some instructions for injecting JQuery into the page:

http://code.google.com/p/selenium/issues/detail?id=3604#c25

We had trouble with the original drag_and_drop_helper.js posted as a workaround for this issue. The workaround is 99% correct, but I needed to modify the workaround to include the dropTarget in the options propagated via the 'coord' object in simulateDrag.

i.e. I need to change:

  coord = { clientX: x, clientY: y }

to:

coord = { clientX: x, clientY: y , dropTarget: options.dropTarget || undefined }

Also, a note for those following the example usage, if the app under test does not already alias the jQuery function to $, you will need to spell-out jQuery:

i.e., after injecting the drag and drop helper onto the page, we have a method that accepts jQuery selectors to use the simulated drag and drop functions (Java):

/**
 * Drag and drop via the JQuery-based drag and drop helper -- the helper
 * must have been injected onto the page prior to calling this method.
 *
 * @param dragSourceJQuerySelector a JQuery-style selector that identifies the source element to drag;
 * <em>will be passed directly to jQuery(), perform all quoting yourself</em>
 * @param dropTargetJQuerySelector a JQuery-style selector that identifies the target element to drop the source onto;
 * <em>will be passed directly to jQuery(), perform all quoting yourself</em>
 */
protected void dragAndDropViaJQueryHelper(String dragSourceJQuerySelector, String dropTargetJQuerySelector) {
    String javascript =
        "var dropTarget = jQuery(" + dropTargetJQuerySelector + ");" +
        "\n" +
        "jQuery("+ dragSourceJQuerySelector + ").simulate('drag', { dropTarget: dropTarget });";

    getLogger().info("executing javascript:\n" + javascript);
    this.executeScript(javascript);
    getLogger().info("executed drag-n-drop action via javascript");
}

Another, non-jQuery solution

http://ynot408.wordpress.com/2011/09/22/drag-and-drop-using-selenium-webdriver/

Javascript based drag and drop which works across browsers.

Mouse move stopped working after version 2.3 while using RemoteWebDriver in selenium. The below function drags element 1 to element 2 position and releases the mouse down.

public void dragdrop(By ByFrom, By ByTo) {
    WebElement LocatorFrom = driver.findElement(ByFrom);
    WebElement LocatorTo = driver.findElement(ByTo);
    String xto=Integer.toString(LocatorTo.getLocation().x);
    String yto=Integer.toString(LocatorTo.getLocation().y);
    ((JavascriptExecutor)driver).executeScript("function simulate(f,c,d,e){var b,a=null;for(b in eventMatchers)if(eventMatchers[b].test(c)){a=b;break}if(!a)return!1;document.createEvent?(b=document.createEvent(a),a==\"HTMLEvents\"?b.initEvent(c,!0,!0):b.initMouseEvent(c,!0,!0,document.defaultView,0,d,e,d,e,!1,!1,!1,!1,0,null),f.dispatchEvent(b)):(a=document.createEventObject(),a.detail=0,a.screenX=d,a.screenY=e,a.clientX=d,a.clientY=e,a.ctrlKey=!1,a.altKey=!1,a.shiftKey=!1,a.metaKey=!1,a.button=1,f.fireEvent(\"on\"+c,a));return!0} var eventMatchers={HTMLEvents:/^(?:load|unload|abort|error|select|change|submit|reset|focus|blur|resize|scroll)$/,MouseEvents:/^(?:click|dblclick|mouse(?:down|up|over|move|out))$/}; " +
    "simulate(arguments[0],\"mousedown\",0,0); simulate(arguments[0],\"mousemove\",arguments[1],arguments[2]); simulate(arguments[0],\"mouseup\",arguments[1],arguments[2]); ",
    LocatorFrom,xto,yto);
}

I know this is rather old, but you can get a simpler solution by using org.openqa.selenium.support.Color:

import org.openqa.selenium.support.Color;
String color = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//div[@class='gb_e gb_f gb_g gb_xb']/a")).getCssValue("color");
System.out.println(color);
String hex = Color.fromString(color).asHex();
System.out.println(hex);

It gives you a single line solution and even adds leading zeroes when required (something that the previous answers aren't accounting for)

There's probably a click event transmitted to the <input type="file"> element, which opens the file dialog.

One way to overcome this issue is to disable the internal click by overriding the method. This piece of JavaScript will disable the internal click for each <input type="file"> element:

((JavascriptExecutor)driver).executeScript(
    "HTMLInputElement.prototype.click = function() {                     " +
    "  if(this.type !== 'file') HTMLElement.prototype.click.call(this);  " +
    "};                                                                  " );

Then upload the file by calling .sendKeys("full file path") on the <input type="file"> element.

In some cases, the <input type="file"> only resides in memory. If that's the case, you'll have to insert it in the page:

((JavascriptExecutor)driver).executeScript(
    "HTMLInputElement.prototype.click = function () {" +
    "    if (this.type !== 'file') {" +
    "        HTMLElement.prototype.click.call(this);" +
    "    }" +
    "    else if (!this.parentNode) {" +
    "        this.style.display = 'none';" +
    "        this.ownerDocument.documentElement.appendChild(this);" +
    "        this.addEventListener('change', () => this.remove());" +
    "    }" +
    "}");

See https://gist.github.com/florentbr/d7bee068932bdf6e00af3b9f01af9af6

Just for anyone else who's looking for an answer in Ruby, Python, and C# bindings (Selenium 2.33.0).

Note that the actual keys to send depend on your OS. For example, Mac uses CMD + T, instead of Ctrl + T.

Ruby

require 'selenium-webdriver'

driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :firefox
driver.get('http://stackoverflow.com/')

body = driver.find_element(:tag_name => 'body')
body.send_keys(:control, 't')

driver.quit

Python

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys

driver = webdriver.Firefox()
driver.get("http://stackoverflow.com/")

body = driver.find_element_by_tag_name("body")
body.send_keys(Keys.CONTROL + 't')

driver.close()

C#

using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Firefox;

namespace StackOverflowTests {

    class OpenNewTab {

        static void Main(string[] args) {

            IWebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
            driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("http://stackoverflow.com/");

            IWebElement body = driver.FindElement(By.TagName("body"));
            body.SendKeys(Keys.Control + 't');

            driver.Quit();
        }
    }
}