How to use fromString method of org.openqa.selenium.Enum UnexpectedAlertBehaviour class

Just specify the path to the binary of the version..may be, like-

FirefoxBinary binary = new FirefoxBinary(new File("path_to_bin"));
FirefoxProfile profile = new FirefoxProfile();
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver(binary, profile);

I believe you have several options:

Either specify the folder (in which your Firefox binary is) in your PATH system variable - here's how.

Or call

WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver(new FirefoxBinary(new File("path/to/your/firefox.exe")), profile);

With the IE driver, the order in which the windows appear in the collection is not guaranteed. That is, the 0th window in the collection is not necessarily the first window opened by the session. Given that is the case, you'll need to do something like the following:

private string FindNewWindowHandle(IWebDriver driver, IList<string> existingHandles, int timeout)
{
    string foundHandle = string.Empty;
    DateTime endTime = DateTime.Now.Add(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(timeout));
    while (string.IsNullOrEmpty(foundHandle) && DateTime.Now < endTime)
    {
        IList<string> currentHandles = driver.WindowHandles;
        if (currentHandles.Count != existingHandles.Count)
        {
            foreach (string currentHandle in currentHandles)
            {
                if (!existingHandles.Contains(currentHandle))
                {
                    foundHandle = currentHandle;
                    break;
                }
            }
        }

        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(foundHandle))
        {
            System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(250);
        }
     }

     // Note: could optionally check for handle found here and throw
     // an exception if no window was found.
     return foundHandle;
}

The usage of the above function would be something like the following:

IList<string> handles = driver.WindowHandles;
// do whatever you have to do to invoke the popup
element.Click();
string popupHandle = FindNewWindowHandle(driver, handles, 10);
if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(popupHandle))
{
    driver.SwitchTo().Window(popupHandle);
}

A few quick searches led me to this:

http://blogs.steeplesoft.com/posts/2012/grabbing-screenshots-of-failed-selenium-tests.html

Basically, he recommends creating a JUnit4 Rule that wraps the test Statement in a try/catch block in which he calls:

imageFileOutputStream.write(
    ((TakesScreenshot) driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.BYTES));

Does that work for your problem?

This is simple if you only use Selenium WebDriver, and forget the usage of Selenium-RC. I'd go like this.

WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
WebElement email = driver.findElement(By.id("email"));
email.sendKeys("your@email.here");

The reason for NullPointerException however is that your variable driver has never been started, you start FirefoxDriver in a variable wb thas is never being used.

This can actually be easily done.

The idea is to get access to the WebDriver instance and run the JavaScript on it (if it supports it). Then there's a lot of validating, because we need to make sure we only return what we promised.

The ByJavaScript class itself will look like this:

public class ByJavaScript extends By implements Serializable {
    private final String script;

    public ByJavaScript(String script) {
        checkNotNull(script, "Cannot find elements with a null JavaScript expression.");
        this.script = script;
    }

    @Override
    public List<WebElement> findElements(SearchContext context) {
        JavascriptExecutor js = getJavascriptExecutorFromSearchContext(context);

        // call the JS, inspect and validate response
        Object response = js.executeScript(script);
        List<WebElement> elements = getElementListFromJsResponse(response);

        // filter out the elements that aren't descendants of the context node
        if (context instanceof WebElement) {
            filterOutElementsWithoutCommonAncestor(elements, (WebElement)context);
        }

        return elements;
    }

    private static JavascriptExecutor getJavascriptExecutorFromSearchContext(SearchContext context) {
        if (context instanceof JavascriptExecutor) {
            // context is most likely the whole WebDriver
            return (JavascriptExecutor)context;
        }
        if (context instanceof WrapsDriver) {
            // context is most likely some WebElement
            WebDriver driver = ((WrapsDriver)context).getWrappedDriver();
            checkState(driver instanceof JavascriptExecutor, "This WebDriver doesn't support JavaScript.");
            return (JavascriptExecutor)driver;
        }
        throw new IllegalStateException("We can't invoke JavaScript from this context.");
    }

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")  // cast thoroughly checked
    private static List<WebElement> getElementListFromJsResponse(Object response) {
        if (response == null) {
            // no element found
            return Lists.newArrayList();
        }
        if (response instanceof WebElement) {
            // a single element found
            return Lists.newArrayList((WebElement)response);
        }
        if (response instanceof List) {
            // found multiple things, check whether every one of them is a WebElement
            checkArgument(
                    Iterables.all((List<?>)response, Predicates.instanceOf(WebElement.class)),
                    "The JavaScript query returned something that isn't a WebElement.");
            return (List<WebElement>)response;  // cast is checked as far as we can tell
        }
        throw new IllegalArgumentException("The JavaScript query returned something that isn't a WebElement.");
    }

    private static void filterOutElementsWithoutCommonAncestor(List<WebElement> elements, WebElement ancestor) {
        for (Iterator<WebElement> iter = elements.iterator(); iter.hasNext(); ) {
            WebElement elem = iter.next();

            // iterate over ancestors
            while (!elem.equals(ancestor) && !elem.getTagName().equals("html")) {
                elem = elem.findElement(By.xpath("./.."));
            }

            if (!elem.equals(ancestor)) {
                iter.remove();
            }
        }
    }

    @Override
    public String toString() {
          return "By.javaScript: \"" + script + "\"";
    }

}

^{This code uses the Google Guava library. It is a dependency of Selenium, so you should have it on your classpath. But if there's something you don't understand, look into Guava.}

Things to consider:

1. Document the whole thing.
2. Use better and more helpful exceptions. Consider some custom subclasses of WebDriverException. Also add more helpful messages and info.
3. Restrict the class' visibility to package. Or embed it into a static factory (as seen in the original By class) so that it won't be accessible directly etc.
4. Write tests. I have tried the most obvious usages (element can't be found, search from driver, search from some context) and everything seems to be ok, but I didn't test it extensively.

Usage:

WebElement elem = driver.findElement(new ByJavaScript("return document.querySelector('.haha');"));

Now, the original By class is a static factory that gives out various implementations of itself. Unfortunately, we can't add a new static method to it (without changing its source), so we won't be able to type By.javascript("return something;"). We have to create our own static factory to get something similar:

public class MyBy {
    /**
     * Returns a {@code By} which locates elements by the JavaScript expression passed to it.
     * 
     * @param script The JavaScript expression to run and whose result to return
     */
    public static By javascript(String script) {
        return new ByJavaScript(script);
    }
}

Usage:

WebElement elem = driver.findElement(MyBy.javascript("return document.querySelector('.haha');"));

If we didn't mention any polling time, selenium will take the default polling time as 500milli seconds. i.e.., script will check for the excepted condition for the webelement in the web page every 500 milli seconds. Your first code snippet works with this.

We use pollingEvery to override the default polling time. In the below example(your second code snippet), the script checks for the expected condition for every 2 seconds and not for 500 milliseconds.

public void CreateSalesOrder()
{
    WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, 40);
    wait.pollingEvery(2, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
    wait.until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(btnNewSalesOrser));
    btnNewSalesOrser.click();
}

This polling frequency may actually help in reducing the CPU overload. Refer this javadoc for more info pollingEvery.

Hope this helps you. Thanks.

Given you already found your element and you want to check for a certain class inside the class-attribute:

public boolean hasClass(WebElement element) {
    String classes = element.getAttribute("class");
    for (String c : classes.split(" ")) {
        if (c.equals(theClassYouAreSearching)) {
            return true;
        }
    }
    
    return false;
}

#EDIT As @aurelius rightly pointed out, there is an even simpler way (that doesn't work very well):

public boolean elementHasClass(WebElement element, String active) {
    return element.getAttribute("class").contains(active);
}

This approach looks simpler but has one big caveat:

As pointed out by @JuanMendes you will run into problems if the class-name you're searching for is a substring of other class-names:

for example class="test-a test-b", searching for class.contains("test") will return true but it should be false

#EDIT 2 Try combining the two code snippets:

public boolean elementHasClass(WebElement element, String active) {
    return Arrays.asList(element.getAttribute("class").split(" ")).contains(active);
}

That should fix your caveat.

"If you're running selenium tests against a Java application, then it makes sense to drive your tests with Java." This is untrue. It makes no difference what the web application is written in.

Personally I prefer python because it's equally as powerful as other languages, such as Java, and far less verbose making code maintenance less of a headache. However, if you choose a language, don't write it like you were programming in another language. For example if you're writing in Python, don't write like you were using Java.