KaneAI - World’s First E2E Software Testing Agent.Book a Demo Join TestMu Conference

How to use Annotation Type FindBys class of org.openqa.selenium.support package

Best Selenium code snippet using org.openqa.selenium.support.Annotation Type FindBys

1// Licensed to the Software Freedom Conservancy (SFC) under one2// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file3// distributed with this work for additional information4// regarding copyright ownership.  The SFC licenses this file5// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the6// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance7// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at8//9//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.010//11// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,12// software distributed under the License is distributed on an13// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY14// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the15// specific language governing permissions and limitations16// under the License.17package org.openqa.selenium.support.pagefactory;18import org.openqa.selenium.By;19import org.openqa.selenium.support.AbstractFindByBuilder;20import org.openqa.selenium.support.ByIdOrName;21import org.openqa.selenium.support.CacheLookup;22import org.openqa.selenium.support.FindAll;23import org.openqa.selenium.support.FindBy;24import org.openqa.selenium.support.FindBys;25import org.openqa.selenium.support.PageFactoryFinder;26import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;27import java.lang.reflect.Field;28public class Annotations extends AbstractAnnotations {29  private Field field;30  /**31   * @param field expected to be an element in a Page Object32   */33  public Annotations(Field field) {34    this.field = field;35  }36  /**37   * {@inheritDoc}38   *39   * @return true if @CacheLookup annotation exists on a field40   */41  public boolean isLookupCached() {42    return (field.getAnnotation(CacheLookup.class) != null);43  }44  /**45   * {@inheritDoc}46   *47   * Looks for one of {@link org.openqa.selenium.support.FindBy},48   * {@link org.openqa.selenium.support.FindBys} or49   * {@link org.openqa.selenium.support.FindAll} field annotations. In case50   * no annotations provided for field, uses field name as 'id' or 'name'.51   * @throws IllegalArgumentException when more than one annotation on a field provided52   */53  public By buildBy() {54    assertValidAnnotations();55    By ans = null;56    for (Annotation annotation : field.getDeclaredAnnotations()) {57      AbstractFindByBuilder builder = null;58      if (annotation.annotationType().isAnnotationPresent(PageFactoryFinder.class)) {59        try {60          builder = annotation.annotationType()61              .getAnnotation(PageFactoryFinder.class).value()62              .newInstance();63        } catch (ReflectiveOperationException e) {64          // Fall through.65        }66      }67      if (builder != null) {68        ans = builder.buildIt(annotation, field);69        break;70      }71    }72    if (ans == null) {73      ans = buildByFromDefault();74    }75    if (ans == null) {76      throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot determine how to locate element " + field);77    }78    return ans;79  }80  protected Field getField() {81    return field;82  }83  protected By buildByFromDefault() {84    return new ByIdOrName(field.getName());85  }86  protected void assertValidAnnotations() {87    FindBys findBys = field.getAnnotation(FindBys.class);88    FindAll findAll = field.getAnnotation(FindAll.class);89    FindBy findBy = field.getAnnotation(FindBy.class);90    if (findBys != null && findBy != null) {91      throw new IllegalArgumentException("If you use a '@FindBys' annotation, " +92           "you must not also use a '@FindBy' annotation");93    }94    if (findAll != null && findBy != null) {95      throw new IllegalArgumentException("If you use a '@FindAll' annotation, " +96           "you must not also use a '@FindBy' annotation");97    }98    if (findAll != null && findBys != null) {99      throw new IllegalArgumentException("If you use a '@FindAll' annotation, " +100           "you must not also use a '@FindBys' annotation");101    }102  }103}...

Source: Element.java

1package org.brewcode.qa.pages.annotation;2import org.openqa.selenium.support.FindBy;3import org.openqa.selenium.support.How;4import org.openqa.selenium.support.PageFactoryFinder;5import java.lang.annotation.ElementType;6import java.lang.annotation.Retention;7import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;8import java.lang.annotation.Target;9/**10 * Mark pages element instead of FindBy annotation.11 */12@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)13@Target({ElementType.FIELD, ElementType.TYPE})14@PageFactoryFinder(ElementFindByBuilder.class)15public @interface Element {16    String UNSET_LOCATOR = "";17    /**18     * Alias for element.19     *20     * @see com.codeborne.selenide.impl.Alias21     */22    String value() default "";23    /**24     * The element will be mandatory on page. It should be visible after page loading.25     */26    boolean required() default false;27    /////////////////28    //// FindBy /////29    /////////////////30    /**31     * Copy from FindBy. Work the same way.32     *33     * @see org.openqa.selenium.support.FindBy#how()34     */35    How how() default How.UNSET;36    /**37     * Copy from FindBy. Work the same way.38     *39     * @see org.openqa.selenium.support.FindBy#using()40     */41    String using() default UNSET_LOCATOR;42    /**43     * Copy from FindBy. Work the same way.44     *45     * @see org.openqa.selenium.support.FindBy#id()46     */47    String id() default UNSET_LOCATOR;48    /**49     * <p><b>It is selector, not element Alias. See value() method</b>50     *51     * <p>Copy from FindBy. Work the same way.52     *53     * @see org.openqa.selenium.support.FindBy#name()54     */55    String name() default UNSET_LOCATOR;56    /**57     * Copy from FindBy. Work the same way.58     *59     * @see org.openqa.selenium.support.FindBy#className()60     */61    String className() default UNSET_LOCATOR;62    /**63     * Copy from FindBy. Work the same way.64     *65     * @see org.openqa.selenium.support.FindBy#css()66     */67    String css() default UNSET_LOCATOR;68    /**69     * Copy from FindBy. Work the same way.70     *71     * @see org.openqa.selenium.support.FindBy#tagName()72     */73    String tagName() default UNSET_LOCATOR;74    /**75     * Copy from FindBy. Work the same way.76     *77     * @see org.openqa.selenium.support.FindBy#linkText()78     */79    String linkText() default UNSET_LOCATOR;80    /**81     * Copy from FindBy. Work the same way.82     *83     * @see org.openqa.selenium.support.FindBy#partialLinkText()84     */85    String partialLinkText() default UNSET_LOCATOR;86    /**87     * Copy from FindBy. Work the same way.88     *89     * @see org.openqa.selenium.support.FindBy#xpath()90     */91    String xpath() default UNSET_LOCATOR;92    /**93     * FindBys functionality. Work the same way.94     * Priority:95     * <ul>96     *  <li>findBys field if filled</li>97     *  <li>findAll field if filled</li>98     *  <li>other FindBy fields</li>99     * </ul>100     *101     * @see org.openqa.selenium.support.FindBys102     */103    FindBy[] findBys() default {};104    /**105     * FindAll functionality. Work the same way.106     * Priority:107     * <ul>108     *  <li>findBys field if filled</li>109     *  <li>findAll field if filled</li>110     *  <li>other FindBy fields</li>111     * </ul>112     *113     * @see org.openqa.selenium.support.FindAll114     */115    FindBy[] findAll() default {};116}...

Source: NGAnnotations.java

1package com.orasi.core.by.angular.internal;2import org.openqa.selenium.By;3import org.openqa.selenium.support.ByIdOrName;4import org.openqa.selenium.support.CacheLookup;5import org.openqa.selenium.support.FindBy;6import org.openqa.selenium.support.FindBys;7import com.orasi.core.by.angular.ByNG;8import com.orasi.core.by.angular.FindByNG;9import java.lang.reflect.Field;10public class NGAnnotations  {11	private Field field;12	/**13	 * @param field expected to be an element in a Page Object14	 */15	public NGAnnotations(Field field) {16		this.field = field;17	}18	/**19	 * {@inheritDoc}20	 *21	 * @return true if @CacheLookup annotation exists on a field22	 */23	public boolean isLookupCached() {24		return (field.getAnnotation(CacheLookup.class) != null);25	}26	/**27	 * {@inheritDoc}28	 *29	 * Looks for one of {@link org.openqa.selenium.support.FindBy},30	 * {@link org.openqa.selenium.support.FindBys} or31	 * {@link org.openqa.selenium.support.FindAll} field annotations. In case32	 * no annotaions provided for field, uses field name as 'id' or 'name'.33	 * @throws IllegalArgumentException when more than one annotation on a field provided34	 */35	public ByNG buildBy() {36		//assertValidAnnotations();37		ByNG ans = null;38	/*	FindBys findBys = field.getAnnotation(FindBys.class);39		if (findBys != null) {40			ans = buildByFromFindBys(findBys);41		}42*/43	44		FindByNG findByNG = field.getAnnotation(FindByNG.class);45		if (ans == null && findByNG != null) {46			ans = buildByNGFindBy(findByNG);47		}48		if (ans == null) {49			throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot determine how to locate element " + field);50		}51		return ans;52	}53	protected Field getField() {54		return field;55	}56	protected By buildByFromDefault() {57		return new ByIdOrName(field.getName());58	}59	protected void assertValidAnnotations() {60		FindBys findBys = field.getAnnotation(FindBys.class);61		62		FindBy findBy = field.getAnnotation(FindBy.class);63		if (findBys != null && findBy != null) {64			throw new IllegalArgumentException("If you use a '@FindBys' annotation, " +65					"you must not also use a '@FindBy' annotation");66		}67	}68	  protected ByNG buildByNGFindBy(FindByNG findByNG) {69		  //  HowNG how = findByNG.howNG();70		   // String using = findByNG.using();71		    String types = findByNG.toString().substring(findByNG.toString().indexOf("(")+1, findByNG.toString().length()-1);72		    String foundType = "";73		    for(String type : types.split(",")){74		    	if(type.length()-1 != type.indexOf("=")) {75		    		foundType = type;76		    		break;77		    	}78		    }79		    String how = foundType.split("=")[0];80		    String using = foundType.split("=")[1];81		    switch (how.toUpperCase().trim()) {82		      83		      case "NGBUTTONTEXT":84		        return ByNG.buttonText(using);85		      case "NGCONTROLLER":86		        return ByNG.controller(using);87		      case "NGMODEL":88		        return ByNG.model(using);89		      case "NGREPEAT":90		        return ByNG.repeater(using);91		      case "NGSHOW":92		        return ByNG.show(using);93		      default:94		        // Note that this shouldn't happen (eg, the above matches all95		        // possible values for the How enum)96		        throw new IllegalArgumentException("Cannot determine how to locate element ");97		    }98		  }99}...

Source: ParameterizedFieldDecorator.java

1package click.webelement.pagefactory.parameterized;2import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;3import org.openqa.selenium.support.FindAll;4import org.openqa.selenium.support.FindBy;5import org.openqa.selenium.support.FindBys;6import org.openqa.selenium.support.pagefactory.DefaultFieldDecorator;7import org.openqa.selenium.support.pagefactory.ElementLocatorFactory;8import java.lang.reflect.Field;9import java.lang.reflect.ParameterizedType;10import java.lang.reflect.Type;11import java.util.List;12/**13 * @author Alexey Razgulyaev14 */15public class ParameterizedFieldDecorator extends DefaultFieldDecorator {16    public ParameterizedFieldDecorator(ElementLocatorFactory factory) {17        super(factory);18    }19    @Override20    protected boolean isDecoratableList(Field field) {21        if (!List.class.isAssignableFrom(field.getType())) {22            return false;23        }24        // Type erasure in Java isn't complete. Attempt to discover the generic25        // type of the list.26        Type genericType = field.getGenericType();27        if (!(genericType instanceof ParameterizedType)) {28            return false;29        }30        Type listType = ((ParameterizedType) genericType).getActualTypeArguments()[0];31        if (!WebElement.class.equals(listType)) {32            return false;33        }34        if (field.getAnnotation(FindBy.class) == null &&35                field.getAnnotation(FindBys.class) == null &&36                field.getAnnotation(FindAll.class) == null &&37                field.getAnnotation(FindByParameterized.class) == null) {38            return false;39        }40        return true;41    }42}...

Annotation Type FindBys

Using AI Code Generation

1public class FindBysExample {2    @FindBy(how = How.ID, using = "email")3    private WebElement email;4    @FindBy(how = How.ID, using = "password")5    private WebElement password;6    @FindBys({7            @FindBy(how = How.ID, using = "email"),8            @FindBy(how = How.ID, using = "password")9    })10    private List<WebElement> emailAndPassword;11    public List<WebElement> getEmailAndPassword() {12        return emailAndPassword;13    }14    public WebElement getEmail() {15        return email;16    }17    public WebElement getPassword() {18        return password;19    }20}21public class FindAllExample {22    @FindBy(how = How.ID, using = "email")23    private WebElement email;24    @FindBy(how = How.ID, using = "password")25    private WebElement password;26    @FindAll({27            @FindBy(how = How.ID, using = "email"),28            @FindBy(how = How.ID, using = "password")29    })30    private List<WebElement> emailAndPassword;31    public List<WebElement> getEmailAndPassword() {32        return emailAndPassword;33    }34    public WebElement getEmail() {35        return email;36    }37    public WebElement getPassword() {38        return password;39    }40}41public class FindByExample {42    @FindBy(how = How.ID, using = "email")43    private WebElement email;44    @FindBy(how = How.ID, using = "password")45    private WebElement password;46    public WebElement getEmail() {47        return email;48    }49    public WebElement getPassword() {50        return password;51    }52}53public class FindBysExample {54    @FindBy(how = How.ID, using = "email")55    private WebElement email;56    @FindBy(how = How.ID, using = "password")57    private WebElement password;58    @FindBys({59            @FindBy(how = How.ID, using = "email"),60            @FindBy(how = How.ID, using = "password")61    })62    private List<WebElement> emailAndPassword;63    public List<WebElement> getEmailAndPassword() {64        return emailAndPassword;65    }66    public WebElement getEmail() {67        return email;68    }69    public WebElement getPassword()

Annotation Type FindBys

Using AI Code Generation

1package com.automation.selenium;2import org.openqa.selenium.By;3import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;4import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;5import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;6import org.openqa.selenium.support.FindBy;7import org.openqa.selenium.support.FindBys;8import org.openqa.selenium.support.PageFactory;9import java.util.List;10public class Example5 {11    public WebDriver driver = null;12    @FindBys({13            @FindBy(tagName = "h4")14    })15    public List<WebElement> headerElements;16    public List<WebElement> divElements;17    public Example5(WebDriver driver) {18        this.driver = driver;19        PageFactory.initElements(driver, this);20    }21    public static void main(String[] args) {22        System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "D:\\Selenium\\drivers\\chromedriver.exe");23        WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();24        driver.manage().window().maximize();25        Example5 obj = new Example5(driver);26        System.out.println("List of Header Elements : ");27        for (WebElement element : obj.headerElements) {28            System.out.println(element.getText());29        }30        System.out.println("List of Div Elements : ");31        for (WebElement element : obj.divElements) {32            System.out.println(element.getText());33        }34        driver.quit();35    }36}

Source: Spring Data JPA Pageable with @ManyToMany

1<attributes>2(...)3 <transient name="field" />4</attributes>5

Source: How to implement user types for @FindBy annotation?

1ObjectMapper jacksonObjectMapper = new ObjectMapper();2Hibernate5Module jacksonHibernateModule = new Hibernate5Module();3jacksonHibernateModule.disable(Hibernate5Module.Feature.USE_TRANSIENT_ANNOTATION);4jacksonObjectMapper.registerModule(jacksonHibernateModule);  5

Source: How to implement user types for @FindBy annotation?

ObjectMapper jacksonObjectMapper = new ObjectMapper();
Hibernate5Module jacksonHibernateModule = new Hibernate5Module();
jacksonHibernateModule.disable(Hibernate5Module.Feature.USE_TRANSIENT_ANNOTATION);
jacksonObjectMapper.registerModule(jacksonHibernateModule);

Source: difference between @FindAll and @FindBys annotations in webdriver page factory

1import javax.persistence.Transient;23import org.junit.Test;45import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonInclude.Include;6import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonProcessingException;7import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;89import lombok.Builder;10import lombok.Getter;11import lombok.Setter;12import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;1314@Slf4j15public class TransientFieldTest {1617    @Test18    public void Print_Json() throws JsonProcessingException {1920        ObjectMapper objectEntityMapper = new ObjectMapper();21        //objectEntityMapper.registerModule(new Hibernate5Module());22        objectEntityMapper.setSerializationInclusion(Include.NON_NULL);2324        log.info("object: {}", objectEntityMapper.writeValueAsString( //25                SampleTransient.builder()26                               .id("id")27                               .transientField("transientField")28                               .build()));2930    }3132    @Getter33    @Setter34    @Builder35    private static class SampleTransient {3637        private String id;3839        @Transient40        private String transientField;4142        private String nullField;4344    }45}46

Source: difference between @FindAll and @FindBys annotations in webdriver page factory

import javax.persistence.Transient;

import org.junit.Test;

import com.fasterxml.jackson.annotation.JsonInclude.Include;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonProcessingException;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;

import lombok.Builder;
import lombok.Getter;
import lombok.Setter;
import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;

@Slf4j
public class TransientFieldTest {

    @Test
    public void Print_Json() throws JsonProcessingException {

        ObjectMapper objectEntityMapper = new ObjectMapper();
        //objectEntityMapper.registerModule(new Hibernate5Module());
        objectEntityMapper.setSerializationInclusion(Include.NON_NULL);

        log.info("object: {}", objectEntityMapper.writeValueAsString( //
                SampleTransient.builder()
                               .id("id")
                               .transientField("transientField")
                               .build()));

    }

    @Getter
    @Setter
    @Builder
    private static class SampleTransient {

        private String id;

        @Transient
        private String transientField;

        private String nullField;

    }
}

StackOverFlow community discussions

Questions

Discussion

Click() method will not always work

Counting the number of "li" elements in selenium

Test if an element is present using Selenium WebDriver

Catching a 404 error with Selenium

Selecting from div class dropdown - Selenium

How can I ask the Selenium-WebDriver to wait for few seconds in Java?

Getting the values of all the CSS properties of a selected element in Selenium

Selenium 2 WebDriver not able to find link

Selenium WebDriver: clicking on elements within an SVG using XPath

Selenium RC - Error: Could not find or load main class jar

I ran into a similar issue. The click method worked on other pages, then didn't work at all on a particular page.

A race condition caused the issue:

HTML content is rendered with the button disabled.
The selenium web driver script was executed before the javascript onload event was triggered (Or finished executing). So the button.click would occur on a disabled element. And nothing would happen.
Then the javascript onload event would trigger (or finish executing) and the javascript would enable the button.
I looked at the page and couldn't figure out why my code wasn't working because the button appeared to be enabled upon inspection, and if I manually clicked the button, it worked.

Once I figured out that it was a timing issue, I found the solution here: How can I get Selenium Web Driver to wait for an element to be accessible, not just present?

To paraphrase the solution in Ruby:

//This will not return the button until it is enabled.
button = driver.find_element(:xpath,  "//button[@id='myButtonId' and not(@disabled)]")
button.click

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/12159874/click-method-will-not-always-work

The error is because you have a period (.) in the class name, .config-category. The class name does not contain a period in the HTML. I think you are confusing this with CSS selectors where you preface the class name with a period.

You can write a single locator to find all the LIs that you are looking for using CSS selectors. You are looking for DIVs that contain the class name config-category which you can represent as div.config-category. Next you want descendants of that DIV that are LIs. Descendants are represented with a space and then you add li like, div.config-category li. The code below should work.

public void configButtonCount()
{
    List<WebElement> buttons = driver.findElements(By.cssSelector("div.config-category li"));
    System.out.println("List size is: " + buttons.size());
}

CSS selectors are extremely powerful locators and are widely supported and have very good performance, especially vs. XPath locators. I would suggest that you take some time to read up on them and learn the basics. You will find them extremely useful. Here are just a couple resources to get you started:

W3C CSS selectors reference

CSS selectors tips & tricks

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/42456851/counting-the-number-of-li-elements-in-selenium

Use findElements instead of findElement.

findElements will return an empty list if no matching elements are found instead of an exception.

To check that an element is present, you could try this

Boolean isPresent = driver.findElements(By.yourLocator).size() > 0

This will return true if at least one element is found and false if it does not exist.

The official documentation recommends this method:

findElement should not be used to look for non-present elements, use findElements(By) and assert zero length response instead.

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/7991522/test-if-an-element-is-present-using-selenium-webdriver

You can't test if the HTTP status code is 404. This is explained in this other thread. The only way is to test for something in the page which can only be in your 404 error page. For instance:

assertTrue(driver.getTitle().contains("404"));

If you're not sure that your page contains something specific like 404 or Page not found. You could generate from the server a special tag code (e.g. a <meta> tag in the <head> section) and test for it with the WebDriver.

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/17657037/catching-a-404-error-with-selenium

This isn't a normal drop-down select menu. Hence, using Select won't work in this case. Without seeing the complete site, I'm not sure what exactly must be done to select it.

But try simply clicking on the div element when the options in the dropdown are visible.

//I'm assuming that this will display the dropdown list
driver.findElement(byAgentCodes).click(); 

driver.findElement(By.xpath("//div[@data-value='523-23-20275']"));

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/34770848/selecting-from-div-class-dropdown-selenium

Well, there are two types of wait: explicit and implicit wait. The idea of explicit wait is

WebDriverWait.until(condition-that-finds-the-element);

The concept of implicit wait is

driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

You can get difference in details here.

In such situations I'd prefer using explicit wait (fluentWait in particular):

public WebElement fluentWait(final By locator) {
    Wait<WebDriver> wait = new FluentWait<WebDriver>(driver)
            .withTimeout(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
            .pollingEvery(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
            .ignoring(NoSuchElementException.class);

    WebElement foo = wait.until(new Function<WebDriver, WebElement>() {
        public WebElement apply(WebDriver driver) {
            return driver.findElement(locator);
        }
    });

    return  foo;
};

fluentWait function returns your found web element. From the documentation on fluentWait: An implementation of the Wait interface that may have its timeout and polling interval configured on the fly. Each FluentWait instance defines the maximum amount of time to wait for a condition, as well as the frequency with which to check the condition. Furthermore, the user may configure the wait to ignore specific types of exceptions whilst waiting, such as NoSuchElementExceptions when searching for an element on the page. Details you can get here

Usage of fluentWait in your case be the following:

WebElement textbox = fluentWait(By.id("textbox"));

This approach IMHO better as you do not know exactly how much time to wait and in polling interval you can set arbitrary timevalue which element presence will be verified through . Regards.

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/12858972/how-can-i-ask-the-selenium-webdriver-to-wait-for-few-seconds-in-java

Unfortunately

this is not possible with native Selenium API.

But using Javascript you can:

You can use some javascript support, using Seleniums' JavascriptExecutor.executeScript functionality.

The necessary js code can be found here and here(as proposed by @Mahsum Akbas)

Now here is the Java/Selenium Code that will return you a string in the form of "css-attribute01:value01; css-attribute02:value02;".

Be aware that this will return ALL css-attributes on the element.

WebElement we = driver.findElement(By.tagName("div"));
JavascriptExecutor executor = (JavascriptExecutor)driver;
String script = "var s = '';" +
                "var o = getComputedStyle(arguments[0]);" +
                "for(var i = 0; i < o.length; i++){" +
                "s+=o[i] + ':' + o.getPropertyValue(o[i])+';';}" + 
                "return s;";

System.out.println(executor.executeScript(script, we));

You can change the script according to your needs. For example you could return a string that ONLY has all the values without the attributes. Feel free to change and experiment.

Update

If you would be interested in only the inline-styles of the element, then you can use "native" Selenium as pointed out by @JeffC in the comments:

driver.findElement(By.tagName("div")).getAttribute("style")

BUT!:

This will give you only the "inline styles" and NOT all the css-styles that are applied to an element. If you run both versions after one another and print the results you will see the immense difference.

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/32537339/getting-the-values-of-all-the-css-properties-of-a-selected-element-in-selenium

Try using the following..

driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText(" Project Manager")).click();
driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText("Sign Out")).click();

Hope this works.

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/7709185/selenium-2-webdriver-not-able-to-find-link

For anyone interested, I solved this in the following ways:

1) I was originally testing this on OSX with Firefox 17 and Selenium 2.28/29, but figured out it only works (at least for me) on Windows with Firefox 18 and Selenium 2.29

2) interacting with SVGs with the standard:

driver.findElement(By.xpath(YOUR XPATH)).click();

doesn't work. You need to use Actions.

3) to interact with SVG objects, the following XPath works:

"/*[name()='svg']/*[name()='SVG OBJECT']";

The SVG object being anything under the SVG element (e.g. circle, rect, text, etc).

An example of clicking an SVG object:

WebElement svgObject = driver.findElement(By.xpath(YOUR XPATH));
Actions builder = new Actions(driver);
builder.click(svgObject).build().perform();

Note: you need to call the path inside the click() function; using:

moveToElement(YOUR XPATH).click().build().perform();

doesn't work.

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/14592213/selenium-webdriver-clicking-on-elements-within-an-svg-using-xpath

Blogs

Check out the latest blogs from LambdaTest on this topic:

Here Is How You Setup Perfect Cross Browser Testing Environment

Development of a website takes a lot of effort. You must be familiar with it if you have developed one. Even if I don’t consider the complexities of JQuery and other famous libraries of JavaScript. Only basic CSS, JS and HTML which are required to develop a complete website takes a lot of your time and hard work.

Leveraging Pairwise Test Technique For Cross Browser Testing

This article is a part of our Content Hub. For more in-depth resources, check out our content hub on Cross Browser Testing Tutorial.

What Is Cross Browser Compatibility And Why We Need It?

This article is a part of our Content Hub. For more in-depth resources, check out our content hub on Cross Browser Testing Tutorial.

11 Free Software Testing Trainings for Beginners

Softwares have become an inseparable part of our daily lives. The world demands intuitive, authentic and dependable technology, and in a rapidly growing market-place, even small negligence might result insomething disastrous. Software needs to be tested for bugs and to ensure the product meets the requirements and produces the desired results. Testing ensures premier user experience by eliminating weaknesses in software development. To be able to build high-quality scalable software, one has to think like a software tester.

Test Verification vs Validation in Website Testing

Verification and Validation, both are important testing activities that collectively define all the mandatory testing activities a tester along with the entire team needs to perform when you are developing a website for either your organization or for the client. For testers, especially those who are new in the industry, understanding the difference between test verification vs validation in website testing may seem to be a bit complex. Because both involve checking whether the website is being developed in the right manner. This is also why I have observed a lot of ambiguity among the teams working on a project.

Selenium 4 Tutorial:

LambdaTest’s Selenium 4 tutorial is covering every aspects of Selenium 4 testing with examples and best practices. Here you will learn basics, such as how to upgrade from Selenium 3 to Selenium 4, to some advanced concepts, such as Relative locators and Selenium Grid 4 for Distributed testing. Also will learn new features of Selenium 4, such as capturing screenshots of specific elements, opening a new tab or window on the browser, and new protocol adoptions.

Chapters:

Upgrading From Selenium 3 To Selenium 4?: In this chapter, learn in detail how to update Selenium 3 to Selenium 4 for Java binding. Also, learn how to upgrade while using different build tools such as Maven or Gradle and get comprehensive guidance for upgrading Selenium.
What’s New In Selenium 4 & What’s Being Deprecated? : Get all information about new implementations in Selenium 4, such as W3S protocol adaption, Optimized Selenium Grid, and Enhanced Selenium IDE. Also, learn what is deprecated for Selenium 4, such as DesiredCapabilites and FindsBy methods, etc.
Selenium 4 With Python: Selenium supports all major languages, such as Python, C#, Ruby, and JavaScript. In this chapter, learn how to install Selenium 4 for Python and the features of Python in Selenium 4, such as Relative locators, Browser manipulation, and Chrom DevTool protocol.
Selenium 4 Is Now W3C Compliant: JSON Wireframe protocol is retiring from Selenium 4, and they are adopting W3C protocol to learn in detail about the advantages and impact of these changes.
How To Use Selenium 4 Relative Locator? : Selenium 4 came with new features such as Relative Locators that allow constructing locators with reference and easily located constructors nearby. Get to know its different use cases with examples.
Selenium Grid 4 Tutorial For Distributed Testing: Selenium Grid 4 allows you to perform tests over different browsers, OS, and device combinations. It also enables parallel execution browser testing, reads up on various features of Selenium Grid 4 and how to download it, and runs a test on Selenium Grid 4 with best practices.
Selenium Video Tutorials: Binge on video tutorials on Selenium by industry experts to get step-by-step direction from automating basic to complex test scenarios with Selenium.