KaneAI - World’s First E2E Software Testing Agent.Book a Demo Join TestMu Conference

How to use PersistentCapabilities class of org.openqa.selenium package

Best Selenium code snippet using org.openqa.selenium.PersistentCapabilities

Source:ChromiumDriver.java

...20import org.openqa.selenium.Capabilities;21import org.openqa.selenium.Credentials;22import org.openqa.selenium.HasAuthentication;23import org.openqa.selenium.ImmutableCapabilities;24import org.openqa.selenium.PersistentCapabilities;25import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;26import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriverException;27import org.openqa.selenium.devtools.CdpEndpointFinder;28import org.openqa.selenium.devtools.CdpInfo;29import org.openqa.selenium.devtools.CdpVersionFinder;30import org.openqa.selenium.devtools.Connection;31import org.openqa.selenium.devtools.DevTools;32import org.openqa.selenium.devtools.HasDevTools;33import org.openqa.selenium.devtools.noop.NoOpCdpInfo;34import org.openqa.selenium.html5.LocalStorage;35import org.openqa.selenium.html5.Location;36import org.openqa.selenium.html5.LocationContext;37import org.openqa.selenium.html5.SessionStorage;38import org.openqa.selenium.html5.WebStorage;39import org.openqa.selenium.interactions.HasTouchScreen;40import org.openqa.selenium.interactions.TouchScreen;41import org.openqa.selenium.internal.Require;42import org.openqa.selenium.logging.EventType;43import org.openqa.selenium.logging.HasLogEvents;44import org.openqa.selenium.mobile.NetworkConnection;45import org.openqa.selenium.remote.CommandExecutor;46import org.openqa.selenium.remote.FileDetector;47import org.openqa.selenium.remote.RemoteTouchScreen;48import org.openqa.selenium.remote.RemoteWebDriver;49import org.openqa.selenium.remote.html5.RemoteLocationContext;50import org.openqa.selenium.remote.html5.RemoteWebStorage;51import org.openqa.selenium.remote.http.ClientConfig;52import org.openqa.selenium.remote.http.HttpClient;53import org.openqa.selenium.remote.mobile.RemoteNetworkConnection;54import java.net.URI;55import java.util.Map;56import java.util.Optional;57import java.util.function.Predicate;58import java.util.function.Supplier;59import java.util.logging.Logger;60/**61 * A {@link WebDriver} implementation that controls a Chromium browser running on the local machine.62 * It is used as the base class for Chromium-based browser drivers (Chrome, Edgium).63 */64public class ChromiumDriver extends RemoteWebDriver implements65  HasAuthentication,66  HasDevTools,67  HasLogEvents,68  HasTouchScreen,69  LocationContext,70  NetworkConnection,71  WebStorage {72  private static final Logger LOG = Logger.getLogger(ChromiumDriver.class.getName());73  private final Capabilities capabilities;74  private final RemoteLocationContext locationContext;75  private final RemoteWebStorage webStorage;76  private final TouchScreen touchScreen;77  private final RemoteNetworkConnection networkConnection;78  private final Optional<Connection> connection;79  private final Optional<DevTools> devTools;80  protected ChromiumDriver(CommandExecutor commandExecutor, Capabilities capabilities, String capabilityKey) {81    super(commandExecutor, capabilities);82    locationContext = new RemoteLocationContext(getExecuteMethod());83    webStorage = new RemoteWebStorage(getExecuteMethod());84    touchScreen = new RemoteTouchScreen(getExecuteMethod());85    networkConnection = new RemoteNetworkConnection(getExecuteMethod());86    HttpClient.Factory factory = HttpClient.Factory.createDefault();87    Capabilities originalCapabilities = super.getCapabilities();88    Optional<URI> cdpUri = CdpEndpointFinder.getReportedUri(capabilityKey, originalCapabilities)89      .flatMap(uri -> CdpEndpointFinder.getCdpEndPoint(factory, uri));90    connection = cdpUri.map(uri -> new Connection(91      factory.createClient(ClientConfig.defaultConfig().baseUri(uri)),92      uri.toString()));93    CdpInfo cdpInfo = new CdpVersionFinder().match(originalCapabilities.getBrowserVersion())94      .orElseGet(() -> {95        LOG.warning(96          String.format(97            "Unable to find version of CDP to use for %s. You may need to " +98              "include a dependency on a specific version of the CDP using " +99              "something similar to " +100              "`org.seleniumhq.selenium:selenium-devtools-v86:%s` where the " +101              "version (\"v86\") matches the version of the chromium-based browser " +102              "you're using and the version number of the artifact is the same " +103              "as Selenium's.",104            capabilities.getBrowserVersion(),105            new BuildInfo().getReleaseLabel()));106        return new NoOpCdpInfo();107      });108    devTools = connection.map(conn -> new DevTools(cdpInfo::getDomains, conn));109    this.capabilities = cdpUri.map(uri -> new ImmutableCapabilities(110        new PersistentCapabilities(originalCapabilities)111            .setCapability("se:cdp", uri.toString())112            .setCapability(113                "se:cdpVersion", originalCapabilities.getBrowserVersion())))114        .orElse(new ImmutableCapabilities(originalCapabilities));115  }116  @Override117  public Capabilities getCapabilities() {118    return capabilities;119  }120  @Override121  public void setFileDetector(FileDetector detector) {122    throw new WebDriverException(123      "Setting the file detector only works on remote webdriver instances obtained " +124        "via RemoteWebDriver");...

Source:DriverServiceSessionFactory.java

...17package org.openqa.selenium.grid.node.config;18import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;19import org.openqa.selenium.Capabilities;20import org.openqa.selenium.ImmutableCapabilities;21import org.openqa.selenium.PersistentCapabilities;22import org.openqa.selenium.chromium.ChromiumDevToolsLocator;23import org.openqa.selenium.grid.data.CreateSessionRequest;24import org.openqa.selenium.grid.node.ActiveSession;25import org.openqa.selenium.grid.node.ProtocolConvertingSession;26import org.openqa.selenium.grid.node.SessionFactory;27import org.openqa.selenium.internal.Require;28import org.openqa.selenium.remote.Command;29import org.openqa.selenium.remote.Dialect;30import org.openqa.selenium.remote.DriverCommand;31import org.openqa.selenium.remote.ProtocolHandshake;32import org.openqa.selenium.remote.Response;33import org.openqa.selenium.remote.SessionId;34import org.openqa.selenium.remote.http.HttpClient;35import org.openqa.selenium.remote.service.DriverService;36import org.openqa.selenium.remote.tracing.Span;37import org.openqa.selenium.remote.tracing.Status;38import org.openqa.selenium.remote.tracing.Tracer;39import java.net.URI;40import java.util.HashMap;41import java.util.Map;42import java.util.Optional;43import java.util.Set;44import java.util.function.Predicate;45import static org.openqa.selenium.remote.RemoteTags.CAPABILITIES;46public class DriverServiceSessionFactory implements SessionFactory {47  private final Tracer tracer;48  private final HttpClient.Factory clientFactory;49  private final Predicate<Capabilities> predicate;50  private final DriverService.Builder builder;51  public DriverServiceSessionFactory(52      Tracer tracer,53      HttpClient.Factory clientFactory,54      Predicate<Capabilities> predicate,55      DriverService.Builder builder) {56    this.tracer = Require.nonNull("Tracer", tracer);57    this.clientFactory = Require.nonNull("HTTP client factory", clientFactory);58    this.predicate = Require.nonNull("Accepted capabilities predicate", predicate);59    this.builder = Require.nonNull("Driver service bulder", builder);60  }61  @Override62  public boolean test(Capabilities capabilities) {63    return predicate.test(capabilities);64  }65  @Override66  public Optional<ActiveSession> apply(CreateSessionRequest sessionRequest) {67    if (sessionRequest.getDownstreamDialects().isEmpty()) {68      return Optional.empty();69    }70    if (!test(sessionRequest.getCapabilities())) {71      return Optional.empty();72    }73    try (Span span = tracer.getCurrentContext().createSpan("driver_service_factory.apply")) {74      CAPABILITIES.accept(span, sessionRequest.getCapabilities());75      DriverService service = builder.build();76      try {77        service.start();78        HttpClient client = clientFactory.createClient(service.getUrl());79        Command command = new Command(80            null,81            DriverCommand.NEW_SESSION(sessionRequest.getCapabilities()));82        ProtocolHandshake.Result result = new ProtocolHandshake().createSession(client, command);83        Set<Dialect> downstreamDialects = sessionRequest.getDownstreamDialects();84        Dialect upstream = result.getDialect();85        Dialect downstream = downstreamDialects.contains(result.getDialect()) ?86                             result.getDialect() :87                             downstreamDialects.iterator().next();88        Response response = result.createResponse();89        // TODO: This is a nasty hack. Try and make it elegant.90        Capabilities caps = new ImmutableCapabilities((Map<?, ?>) response.getValue());91        Optional<URI> reportedUri = ChromiumDevToolsLocator.getReportedUri("goog:chromeOptions", caps);92        if (reportedUri.isPresent()) {93          caps = addCdpCapability(caps, reportedUri.get());94        } else {95          reportedUri = ChromiumDevToolsLocator.getReportedUri("ms:edgeOptions", caps);96          if (reportedUri.isPresent()) {97            caps = addCdpCapability(caps, reportedUri.get());98          }99        }100        return Optional.of(101          new ProtocolConvertingSession(102            tracer,103            client,104            new SessionId(response.getSessionId()),105            service.getUrl(),106            downstream,107            upstream,108            caps) {109            @Override110            public void stop() {111              service.stop();112            }113          });114      } catch (Exception e) {115        span.setAttribute("error", true);116        span.setStatus(Status.UNKNOWN.withDescription(e.getMessage()));117        service.stop();118        return Optional.empty();119      }120    } catch (Exception e) {121      return Optional.empty();122    }123  }124  private Capabilities addCdpCapability(Capabilities caps, URI uri) {125    Object raw = caps.getCapability("se:options");126    if (!(raw instanceof Map)) {127      return new PersistentCapabilities(caps).setCapability("se:options", ImmutableMap.of("cdp", uri));128    }129    //noinspection unchecked130    Map<String, Object> current = new HashMap<>((Map<String, Object>) raw);131    current.put("cdp", uri);132    return new PersistentCapabilities(caps).setCapability("se:options", ImmutableMap.copyOf(current));133  }134}...

Source:PersistentCapabilities.java

...24import java.util.function.Function;25import java.util.stream.Collector;26import java.util.stream.Collectors;27import java.util.stream.Stream;28public class PersistentCapabilities implements Capabilities {29  private final ImmutableCapabilities caps;30  private final ImmutableCapabilities overrides;31  public PersistentCapabilities() {32    this(new ImmutableCapabilities());33  }34  public PersistentCapabilities(Capabilities source) {35    this(source, new ImmutableCapabilities());36  }37  private PersistentCapabilities(Capabilities previousValues, Capabilities newValues) {38    Require.nonNull("Source capabilities", previousValues, "may be empty, but must be set.");39    Require.nonNull("Additional capabilities", newValues, "may be empty, but must be set.");40    this.caps = ImmutableCapabilities.copyOf(previousValues);41    this.overrides = ImmutableCapabilities.copyOf(newValues);42  }43  public PersistentCapabilities setCapability(String name, Object value) {44    Require.nonNull("Name", name);45    Require.nonNull("Value", value);46    return new PersistentCapabilities(caps, new ImmutableCapabilities(name, value));47  }48  @Override49  public Map<String, Object> asMap() {50    return getCapabilityNames().stream()51      .collect(toUnmodifiableMap(Function.identity(), this::getCapability));52  }53  @Override54  public Object getCapability(String capabilityName) {55    Require.nonNull("Capability name", capabilityName);56    Object capability = overrides.getCapability(capabilityName);57    if (capability != null) {58      return capability;59    }60    return caps.getCapability(capabilityName);61  }62  @Override63  public Capabilities merge(Capabilities other) {64    Require.nonNull("Other capabilities", other, "may be empty, but must be set.");65    return new PersistentCapabilities(this, other);66  }67  @Override68  public Set<String> getCapabilityNames() {69    return Stream.concat(caps.getCapabilityNames().stream(), overrides.getCapabilityNames().stream())70      .collect(toUnmodifiableSet());71  }72  // Needed, since we're dependent on Java 8 as a minimum version73  private <T, K, U> Collector<T, ?, Map<K, U>> toUnmodifiableMap(74    Function<? super T, ? extends K> keyMapper,75    Function<? super T, ? extends U> valueMapper) {76    return Collectors.collectingAndThen(Collectors.toMap(keyMapper, valueMapper), Collections::unmodifiableMap);77  }78  // Needed, since we're dependent on Java 8 as a minimum version79  private <T> Collector<T, ?, Set<T>> toUnmodifiableSet() {...

Source:PersistentCapabilitiesTest.java

...19import org.junit.experimental.categories.Category;20import org.openqa.selenium.testing.UnitTests;21import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;22@Category(UnitTests.class)23public class PersistentCapabilitiesTest {24  @Test25  public void shouldAllowAnEmptySetOfCapabilities() {26    Capabilities seen = new PersistentCapabilities();27    assertThat(seen).isEqualTo(new ImmutableCapabilities());28  }29  @Test30  public void modifyingTheCapabilitiesThisPersistentCapabilitiesIsBasedOnDoesNotChangeOurView() {31    MutableCapabilities mutableCaps = new MutableCapabilities();32    Capabilities caps = new PersistentCapabilities(mutableCaps);33    mutableCaps.setCapability("cheese", "parmesan");34    assertThat(caps).isEqualTo(new ImmutableCapabilities());35  }36  @Test37  public void shouldBePossibleToOverrideAValue() {38    Capabilities original = new ImmutableCapabilities("vegetable", "peas");39    Capabilities seen = new PersistentCapabilities(original).setCapability("vegetable", "carrots");40    assertThat(seen).isEqualTo(new ImmutableCapabilities("vegetable", "carrots"));41  }42  @Test43  public void shouldActuallyBePersistent() {44    PersistentCapabilities original = new PersistentCapabilities(new ImmutableCapabilities("cheese", "cheddar"));45    Capabilities seen = original.setCapability("cheese", "orgu peynir");46    assertThat(original).isEqualTo(new ImmutableCapabilities("cheese", "cheddar"));47    assertThat(seen).isEqualTo(new ImmutableCapabilities("cheese", "orgu peynir"));48  }49  @Test50  public void shouldAllowChainedCallsToSetCapabilities() {51    PersistentCapabilities caps = new PersistentCapabilities(new ImmutableCapabilities())52      .setCapability("one", 1)53      .setCapability("two", 2);54    assertThat(caps).isEqualTo(new ImmutableCapabilities("one", 1, "two", 2));55  }56}...

PersistentCapabilities

Using AI Code Generation

1import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;2import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;3import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;4import org.openqa.selenium.remote.CapabilityType;5import org.openqa.selenium.remote.DesiredCapabilities;6import org.openqa.selenium.remote.RemoteWebDriver;7import java.io.File;8import java.io.IOException;9import java.util.HashMap;10import java.util.Map;11public class PersistentCapabilities {12    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {13        System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "C:\\Users\\anuj.sharma\\Downloads\\chromedriver_win32\\chromedriver.exe");14        ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();15        options.addArguments("user-data-dir=C:\\Users\\anuj.sharma\\AppData\\Local\\Google\\Chrome\\User Data\\Profile 1");16        WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);17        driver.quit();18    }19}20import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;21import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;22import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;23import org.openqa.selenium.remote.CapabilityType;24import org.openqa.selenium.remote.DesiredCapabilities;25import org.openqa.selenium.remote.RemoteWebDriver;26import java.io.File;27import java.io.IOException;28import java.util.HashMap;29import java.util.Map;30public class PersistentCapabilities {31    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {32        System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "C:\\Users\\anuj.sharma\\Downloads\\chromedriver_win32\\chromedriver.exe");33        ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();34        options.addArguments("user-data-dir=C:\\Users\\anuj.sharma\\AppData\\Local\\Google\\Chrome\\User Data\\Profile 1");35        WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);36        driver.quit();37    }38}39import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;40import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.Chrome

PersistentCapabilities

Using AI Code Generation

1import org.openqa.selenium.*;2import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.*;3import org.openqa.selenium.remote.*;4import java.util.*;5import java.net.*;6import org.openqa.selenium.remote.CapabilityType;7public class PersistentCapabilities {8    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {9        DesiredCapabilities capabilities = new DesiredCapabilities();10        capabilities.setCapability(CapabilityType.PERSISTENT_SESSION, true);11        capabilities.setCapability(CapabilityType.PERSISTENT_SESSION, true);12        capabilities.setCapability(CapabilityType.PLATFORM_NAME, "WINDOWS");13        capabilities.setCapability(CapabilityType.BROWSER_NAME, "firefox");14        capabilities.setCapability(CapabilityType.VERSION, "3.6");15        capabilities.setCapability(CapabilityType.SUPPORTS_JAVASCRIPT, true);16        capabilities.setCapability(CapabilityType.SUPPORTS_APPLICATION_CACHE, true);17        capabilities.setCapability(CapabilityType.SUPPORTS_FINDING_BY_CSS, true);18        capabilities.setCapability(CapabilityType.SUPPORTS_LOCATION_CONTEXT, true);19        capabilities.setCapability(CapabilityType.SUPPORTS_WEB_STORAGE, true);20        capabilities.setCapability(CapabilityType.TAKES_SCREENSHOT, true);21        capabilities.setCapability(CapabilityType.HAS_NATIVE_EVENTS, true);22        capabilities.setCapability(CapabilityType.ROTATABLE, true);23        capabilities.setCapability(CapabilityType.SUPPORTS_SQL_DATABASE, true);24        capabilities.setCapability(CapabilityType.SUPPORTS_NETWORK_CONNECTION, true);25        capabilities.setCapability(CapabilityType.SUPPORTS_ALERTS, true);26        capabilities.setCapability(CapabilityType.SUPPORTS_IMPLICIT_WAIT, true);27        capabilities.setCapability(CapabilityType.SUPPORTS_JAVASCRIPT, true);28        capabilities.setCapability(CapabilityType.SUPPORTS_APPLICATION_CACHE, true);29        capabilities.setCapability(CapabilityType.SUPPORTS_FINDING_BY_CSS, true);30        capabilities.setCapability(CapabilityType.SUPPORTS_LOCATION_CONTEXT, true);31        capabilities.setCapability(CapabilityType.SUPPORTS_WEB_STORAGE, true);32        capabilities.setCapability(CapabilityType.TAKES_SCREENSHOT, true);33        capabilities.setCapability(CapabilityType.HAS_NATIVE_EVENTS, true);34        capabilities.setCapability(CapabilityType.ROTATABLE, true);35        capabilities.setCapability(CapabilityType.SUPPORTS_SQL_DATABASE, true);36        capabilities.setCapability(CapabilityType.SUPPORTS

PersistentCapabilities

Using AI Code Generation

1import org.openqa.selenium.*;2import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.*;3import org.openqa.selenium.remote.*;4import java.util.*;5public class PersistentCapabilities {6public static void main(String[] args) {7System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "/home/username/Downloads/chromedriver");8ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();9options.setCapability("chrome.switches", Arrays.asList("--user-data-dir=/home/username/.config/google-chrome/Profile 1"));10WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);11}12}

PersistentCapabilities

Using AI Code Generation

1PersistentCapabilities caps = new PersistentCapabilities(driver);2driver.setCapabilities(caps);3PersistentCapabilities caps = new PersistentCapabilities(driver);4PersistentCapabilities caps = (PersistentCapabilities) driver.getCapabilities();5driver.setCapabilities(caps);6package org.seleniumhq.selenium.selenium_java;7import java.io.File;8import java.io.IOException;9import java.io.InputStream;10import java.net.URL;11import java.util.ArrayList;12import java.util.List;13import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;14import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;15import org.openqa.selenium.By;16import org.openqa.selenium.Capabilities;17import org.openqa.selenium.OutputType;18import org.openqa.selenium.TakesScreenshot;19import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;20import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;21import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;22import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxProfile;23import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.internal.ProfilesIni;24import org.openqa.selenium.remote.CapabilityType;25import org.openqa.selenium.remote.DesiredCapabilities;26import org.openqa.selenium.remote.RemoteWebDriver;27import org.openqa.selenium.remote.SessionId;28import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedConditions;29import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;30import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.Select;31import org.openqa.selenium.internal.Base64Encoder;32import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;33import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxProfile;34import org.openqa.selenium.remote.DesiredCapabilities;35import org.openqa.selenium.remote.RemoteWebDriver;36import org.openqa.selenium.remote.SessionId;37import org.openqa.selenium.remote.CapabilityType;38import org.openqa.selenium.remote.PersistentCapabilities;39public class PersistentCapabilitiesExample {40	public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {

Source: One-to-many relationship children throw "One or more instances could not be made persistent"

1WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();2    driver.get("http://imgur.com/");3    driver.manage().timeouts().pageLoadTimeout(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS);4    driver.manage().window().maximize();5    driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText("sign in")).click();6    WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, 30);7    wait.until(ExpectedConditions.frameToBeAvailableAndSwitchToIt(By.className("cboxIframe")));89    wait.until(ExpectedConditions.frameToBeAvailableAndSwitchToIt(By.id("f")));10    driver.findElement(By.name("username")).sendKeys("abcd");11    driver.findElement(By.xpath(".//*[@id='password']/input")).sendKeys("abcd");1213    driver.close();14    driver.quit();15

Source:One-to-many relationship children throw "One or more instances could not be made persistent"

WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
    driver.get("http://imgur.com/");
    driver.manage().timeouts().pageLoadTimeout(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
    driver.manage().window().maximize();
    driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText("sign in")).click();
    WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, 30);
    wait.until(ExpectedConditions.frameToBeAvailableAndSwitchToIt(By.className("cboxIframe")));

    wait.until(ExpectedConditions.frameToBeAvailableAndSwitchToIt(By.id("f")));
    driver.findElement(By.name("username")).sendKeys("abcd");
    driver.findElement(By.xpath(".//*[@id='password']/input")).sendKeys("abcd");

    driver.close();
    driver.quit();

Selenium 4 Tutorial:

LambdaTest’s Selenium 4 tutorial is covering every aspects of Selenium 4 testing with examples and best practices. Here you will learn basics, such as how to upgrade from Selenium 3 to Selenium 4, to some advanced concepts, such as Relative locators and Selenium Grid 4 for Distributed testing. Also will learn new features of Selenium 4, such as capturing screenshots of specific elements, opening a new tab or window on the browser, and new protocol adoptions.

Chapters:

Upgrading From Selenium 3 To Selenium 4?: In this chapter, learn in detail how to update Selenium 3 to Selenium 4 for Java binding. Also, learn how to upgrade while using different build tools such as Maven or Gradle and get comprehensive guidance for upgrading Selenium.
What’s New In Selenium 4 & What’s Being Deprecated? : Get all information about new implementations in Selenium 4, such as W3S protocol adaption, Optimized Selenium Grid, and Enhanced Selenium IDE. Also, learn what is deprecated for Selenium 4, such as DesiredCapabilites and FindsBy methods, etc.
Selenium 4 With Python: Selenium supports all major languages, such as Python, C#, Ruby, and JavaScript. In this chapter, learn how to install Selenium 4 for Python and the features of Python in Selenium 4, such as Relative locators, Browser manipulation, and Chrom DevTool protocol.
Selenium 4 Is Now W3C Compliant: JSON Wireframe protocol is retiring from Selenium 4, and they are adopting W3C protocol to learn in detail about the advantages and impact of these changes.
How To Use Selenium 4 Relative Locator? : Selenium 4 came with new features such as Relative Locators that allow constructing locators with reference and easily located constructors nearby. Get to know its different use cases with examples.
Selenium Grid 4 Tutorial For Distributed Testing: Selenium Grid 4 allows you to perform tests over different browsers, OS, and device combinations. It also enables parallel execution browser testing, reads up on various features of Selenium Grid 4 and how to download it, and runs a test on Selenium Grid 4 with best practices.
Selenium Video Tutorials: Binge on video tutorials on Selenium by industry experts to get step-by-step direction from automating basic to complex test scenarios with Selenium.