KaneAI - World’s First E2E Software Testing Agent.Book a Demo Join TestMu Conference

How to use NoSuchShadowRootException class of org.openqa.selenium package

Best Selenium code snippet using org.openqa.selenium.NoSuchShadowRootException

NoSuchShadowRootException `org.openqa.selenium.NoSuchShadowRootException`

This exception is thrown by selenium webdriver when script is trying to access an element's shadowRoot and not found any shadowRoot attached to the element.

Example

Lets assume when we are running following snippet to fetch the shadowRoot of an element and shadowRoot does not present for the element so it throws NoSuchShadowRootException


1List <WebElement> eleList = (List <WebElement>) ((JavascriptExecutor)driver)
2            .executeScript("return arguments[0].shadowRoot.childNodes", element);
3                return eleList.get(0);

Solutions

Update the selenium/driver version

Code Snippets

Here are code snippets that can help you understand more how developers are using

Source:ErrorCodes.java

...30import org.openqa.selenium.NoSuchCookieException;31import org.openqa.selenium.NoSuchElementException;32import org.openqa.selenium.NoSuchFrameException;33import org.openqa.selenium.NoSuchSessionException;34import org.openqa.selenium.NoSuchShadowRootException;35import org.openqa.selenium.NoSuchWindowException;36import org.openqa.selenium.ScriptTimeoutException;37import org.openqa.selenium.SessionNotCreatedException;38import org.openqa.selenium.StaleElementReferenceException;39import org.openqa.selenium.TimeoutException;40import org.openqa.selenium.UnableToSetCookieException;41import org.openqa.selenium.UnhandledAlertException;42import org.openqa.selenium.UnsupportedCommandException;43import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriverException;44import org.openqa.selenium.interactions.MoveTargetOutOfBoundsException;45import java.util.Comparator;46import java.util.HashMap;47import java.util.HashSet;48import java.util.List;49import java.util.Map;50import java.util.Optional;51import java.util.Set;52import java.util.logging.Logger;53import java.util.stream.Collectors;54import static java.net.HttpURLConnection.HTTP_INTERNAL_ERROR;55/**56 * Defines common error codes for the wire protocol.57 */58public class ErrorCodes {59  public static final String SUCCESS_STRING = "success";60  public static final int SUCCESS = 0;61  public static final int NO_SUCH_SESSION = 6;62  public static final int NO_SUCH_ELEMENT = 7;63  public static final int NO_SUCH_FRAME = 8;64  public static final int UNKNOWN_COMMAND = 9;65  public static final int STALE_ELEMENT_REFERENCE = 10;66  public static final int INVALID_ELEMENT_STATE = 12;67  public static final int UNHANDLED_ERROR = 13;68  public static final int JAVASCRIPT_ERROR = 17;69  public static final int XPATH_LOOKUP_ERROR = 19;70  public static final int TIMEOUT = 21;71  public static final int NO_SUCH_WINDOW = 23;72  public static final int INVALID_COOKIE_DOMAIN = 24;73  public static final int UNABLE_TO_SET_COOKIE = 25;74  public static final int UNEXPECTED_ALERT_PRESENT = 26;75  public static final int NO_ALERT_PRESENT = 27;76  public static final int ASYNC_SCRIPT_TIMEOUT = 28;77  public static final int IME_NOT_AVAILABLE = 30;78  public static final int IME_ENGINE_ACTIVATION_FAILED = 31;79  public static final int INVALID_SELECTOR_ERROR = 32;80  public static final int SESSION_NOT_CREATED = 33;81  public static final int MOVE_TARGET_OUT_OF_BOUNDS = 34;82  public static final int INVALID_XPATH_SELECTOR = 51;83  public static final int INVALID_XPATH_SELECTOR_RETURN_TYPER = 52;84  // json wire protocol doesn't have analogous status codes for85  // these new W3C status response 'codes', so making some up!86  public static final int ELEMENT_NOT_INTERACTABLE = 60;87  public static final int INVALID_ARGUMENT = 61;88  public static final int NO_SUCH_COOKIE = 62;89  public static final int UNABLE_TO_CAPTURE_SCREEN = 63;90  public static final int ELEMENT_CLICK_INTERCEPTED = 64;91  public static final int NO_SUCH_SHADOW_ROOT = 65;92  // The following error codes are derived straight from HTTP return codes.93  public static final int METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED = 405;94  private static final Logger log = Logger.getLogger(ErrorCodes.class.getName());95  public String toState(Integer status) {96    if (status == null) {97      return toState(UNHANDLED_ERROR);98    }99    if (SUCCESS == status) {100      return SUCCESS_STRING;101    }102    Set<String> possibleMatches = KNOWN_ERRORS.stream()103      .filter(knownError -> knownError.getJsonCode() == status)104      .filter(KnownError::isCanonicalForW3C)105      .map(KnownError::getW3cCode)106      .collect(Collectors.toSet());107    return Iterables.getOnlyElement(possibleMatches, "unhandled error");108  }109  public int toStatus(String webdriverState, Optional<Integer> httpStatus) {110    if (SUCCESS_STRING.equals(webdriverState)) {111      return 0;112    }113    List<KnownError> possibleMatches = KNOWN_ERRORS.stream()114      .filter(knownError -> knownError.getW3cCode().equals(webdriverState))115      .filter(KnownError::isCanonicalForW3C)116      .sorted(Comparator.comparingInt(KnownError::getJsonCode))117      .collect(Collectors.toList());118    if (possibleMatches.isEmpty()) {119      return UNHANDLED_ERROR;120    }121    KnownError error = possibleMatches.get(0);122    if (httpStatus.isPresent() && httpStatus.get() != error.getW3cHttpStatus()) {123      log.info(String.format(124        "HTTP Status: '%d' -> incorrect JSON status mapping for '%s' (%d expected)",125        httpStatus.get(),126        webdriverState,127        error.getW3cHttpStatus()));128    }129    return error.getJsonCode();130  }131  public int getHttpStatusCode(Throwable throwable) {132    return KNOWN_ERRORS.stream()133        .filter(error -> error.getException().isAssignableFrom(throwable.getClass()))134        .filter(KnownError::isCanonicalForW3C)135        .map(KnownError::getW3cHttpStatus)136        .findAny()137        .orElse(HTTP_INTERNAL_ERROR);138  }139  /**140   * Returns the exception type that corresponds to the given {@code statusCode}. All unrecognized141   * status codes will be mapped to {@link WebDriverException WebDriverException.class}.142   *143   * @param statusCode The status code to convert.144   * @return The exception type that corresponds to the provided status code or {@code null} if145   *         {@code statusCode == 0}.146   */147  public Class<? extends WebDriverException> getExceptionType(int statusCode) {148    if (SUCCESS == statusCode) {149      return null;150    }151    // We know that the tuple of (status code, exception) is distinct.152    Set<Class<? extends WebDriverException>> allPossibleExceptions = KNOWN_ERRORS.stream()153      .filter(knownError -> knownError.getJsonCode() == statusCode)154      .map(KnownError::getException)155      .collect(Collectors.toSet());156    return Iterables.getOnlyElement(allPossibleExceptions, WebDriverException.class);157  }158  public Class<? extends WebDriverException> getExceptionType(String webdriverState) {159    Set<Class<? extends WebDriverException>> possibleMatches = KNOWN_ERRORS.stream()160      .filter(knownError -> knownError.getW3cCode().equals(webdriverState))161      .filter(KnownError::isCanonicalForW3C)162      .map(KnownError::getException)163      .collect(Collectors.toSet());164    return Iterables.getOnlyElement(possibleMatches, WebDriverException.class);165  }166  public int toStatusCode(Throwable e) {167    if (e == null) {168      return SUCCESS;169    }170    Set<Integer> possibleMatches = KNOWN_ERRORS.stream()171      .filter(knownError -> knownError.getException().equals(e.getClass()))172      .filter(knownError -> knownError.isCanonicalJsonCodeForException)173      .map(KnownError::getJsonCode)174      .collect(Collectors.toSet());175    return Iterables.getOnlyElement(possibleMatches, UNHANDLED_ERROR);176  }177  public boolean isMappableError(Throwable rootCause) {178    if (rootCause == null) {179      return false;180    }181    Set<KnownError> possibleMatches = KNOWN_ERRORS.stream()182      .filter(knownError -> knownError.getException().equals(rootCause.getClass()))183      .collect(Collectors.toSet());184    return !possibleMatches.isEmpty();185  }186  // Every row on this table should be self-explanatory, except for the two booleans at the end.187  // The first of these is "isCanonicalJsonCodeForException". This means that when doing the mapping188  // for a JSON Wire Protocol status code, this KnownError provides the exception that should be189  // thrown. The second boolean is "isCanonicalForW3C". This means that when mapping a state or190  // exception to a W3C state, this KnownError provides the default exception and Json Wire Protocol191  // status to send.192  private static final ImmutableSet<KnownError> KNOWN_ERRORS = ImmutableSet.<KnownError>builder()193    .add(new KnownError(ASYNC_SCRIPT_TIMEOUT, "script timeout", 500, ScriptTimeoutException.class, true, true))194    .add(new KnownError(ELEMENT_CLICK_INTERCEPTED, "element click intercepted", 400, ElementClickInterceptedException.class, true, true))195    .add(new KnownError(ELEMENT_NOT_INTERACTABLE, "element not interactable", 400, ElementNotInteractableException.class, true, true))196    .add(new KnownError(IME_ENGINE_ACTIVATION_FAILED, "unsupported operation", 500, ImeActivationFailedException.class, true, false))197    .add(new KnownError(IME_NOT_AVAILABLE, "unsupported operation", 500, ImeNotAvailableException.class, true, false))198    .add(new KnownError(INVALID_ARGUMENT, "invalid argument", 400, InvalidArgumentException.class, true, true))199    .add(new KnownError(INVALID_COOKIE_DOMAIN, "invalid cookie domain", 400, InvalidCookieDomainException.class, true, true))200    .add(new KnownError(INVALID_ELEMENT_STATE, "invalid element state", 400, InvalidElementStateException.class, true, true))201    .add(new KnownError(INVALID_SELECTOR_ERROR, "invalid selector", 400, InvalidSelectorException.class, true, true))202    .add(new KnownError(INVALID_XPATH_SELECTOR, "invalid selector", 400, InvalidSelectorException.class, false, false))203    .add(new KnownError(INVALID_XPATH_SELECTOR_RETURN_TYPER, "invalid selector", 400, InvalidSelectorException.class, false, true))204    .add(new KnownError(JAVASCRIPT_ERROR, "javascript error", 500, JavascriptException.class, true, true))205    .add(new KnownError(METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED, "unknown method", 405, UnsupportedCommandException.class, false, true))206    .add(new KnownError(METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED, "unsupported operation", 500, UnsupportedCommandException.class, false, true))207    .add(new KnownError(MOVE_TARGET_OUT_OF_BOUNDS, "move target out of bounds", 500, MoveTargetOutOfBoundsException.class, true, true))208    .add(new KnownError(NO_ALERT_PRESENT, "no such alert", 404, NoAlertPresentException.class, true, true))209    .add(new KnownError(NO_SUCH_COOKIE, "no such cookie", 404, NoSuchCookieException.class, true, true))210    .add(new KnownError(NO_SUCH_ELEMENT, "no such element", 404, NoSuchElementException.class, true, true))211    .add(new KnownError(NO_SUCH_FRAME, "no such frame", 404, NoSuchFrameException.class, true, true))212    .add(new KnownError(NO_SUCH_SESSION, "invalid session id", 404, NoSuchSessionException.class, true, true))213    .add(new KnownError(NO_SUCH_SHADOW_ROOT, "no such shadow root", 404, NoSuchShadowRootException.class, true, true))214    .add(new KnownError(NO_SUCH_WINDOW, "no such window", 404, NoSuchWindowException.class, true, true))215    .add(new KnownError(SESSION_NOT_CREATED, "session not created", 500, SessionNotCreatedException.class ,true, true))216    .add(new KnownError(STALE_ELEMENT_REFERENCE, "stale element reference", 404, StaleElementReferenceException.class, true, true))217    .add(new KnownError(TIMEOUT, "timeout", 500, TimeoutException.class, true, true))218    .add(new KnownError(XPATH_LOOKUP_ERROR, "invalid selector", 400, InvalidSelectorException.class, false, false))219    .add(new KnownError(UNABLE_TO_CAPTURE_SCREEN, "unable to capture screen", 500, ScreenshotException.class, true, true))220    .add(new KnownError(UNABLE_TO_SET_COOKIE, "unable to set cookie", 500, UnableToSetCookieException.class, true, true))221    .add(new KnownError(UNEXPECTED_ALERT_PRESENT, "unexpected alert open", 500, UnhandledAlertException.class, true, true))222    .add(new KnownError(UNHANDLED_ERROR, "unknown error", 500, WebDriverException.class, true, true))223    .add(new KnownError(UNKNOWN_COMMAND, "unknown command", 404, UnsupportedCommandException.class, true, true))224    .build();225  static {{226    // Validate uniqueness constraints.227    //...

Source:WebElement.java

...251  @Override252  WebElement findElement(By by);253  /**254   * @return A representation of an element's shadow root for accessing the shadow DOM of a web component.255   * @throws NoSuchShadowRootException If no shadow root is found256   */257  default SearchContext getShadowRoot() {258    throw new UnsupportedOperationException("getShadowRoot");259  }260  /**261   * Is this element displayed or not? This method avoids the problem of having to parse an262   * element's "style" attribute.263   *264   * @return Whether or not the element is displayed265   */266  boolean isDisplayed();267  /**268   * Where on the page is the top left-hand corner of the rendered element?269   * <p>...

Source:ShadowDomTest.java

...22import org.openqa.selenium.Capabilities;23import org.openqa.selenium.ImmutableCapabilities;24import org.openqa.selenium.JavascriptExecutor;25import org.openqa.selenium.NoSuchElementException;26import org.openqa.selenium.NoSuchShadowRootException;27import org.openqa.selenium.SearchContext;28import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;29import org.openqa.selenium.remote.http.Contents;30import org.openqa.selenium.remote.http.HttpRequest;31import org.openqa.selenium.remote.http.HttpResponse;32import org.openqa.selenium.testing.UnitTests;33import java.util.HashMap;34import java.util.List;35import java.util.Map;36import java.util.UUID;37import java.util.function.Function;38import static java.net.HttpURLConnection.HTTP_NOT_FOUND;39import static java.util.Collections.singletonMap;40import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;41import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatExceptionOfType;42import static org.openqa.selenium.json.Json.JSON_UTF_8;43import static org.openqa.selenium.remote.http.HttpMethod.GET;44import static org.openqa.selenium.remote.http.HttpMethod.POST;45@Category(UnitTests.class)46public class ShadowDomTest {47  private final SessionId id = new SessionId(UUID.randomUUID());48  private final UUID elementId = UUID.randomUUID();49  private final Map<HttpRequest, HttpResponse> cannedResponses = new HashMap<>();50  private RemoteWebDriver driver;51  private RemoteWebElement element;52  @Before53  public void createDriver() {54    Function<Command, HttpRequest> toHttpReq = Dialect.W3C.getCommandCodec()::encode;55    Function<HttpResponse, Response> toHttpRes = Dialect.W3C.getResponseCodec()::decode;56    Function<HttpRequest, HttpResponse> handler = req -> {57      HttpResponse res = cannedResponses.entrySet().stream()58        .filter(e -> e.getKey().getMethod() == req.getMethod() && e.getKey().getUri().equals(req.getUri()))59        .map(Map.Entry::getValue)60        .findFirst()61        .orElse(new HttpResponse()62          .setStatus(HTTP_NOT_FOUND)63          .setContent(Contents.asJson(64            Map.of("value", Map.of("error", "unknown command", "message", req.getUri())))));65      return res.setHeader("Content-Type", JSON_UTF_8);66    };67    CommandExecutor executor = cmd -> toHttpReq.andThen(handler).andThen(toHttpRes).apply(cmd);68    driver = new RemoteWebDriver(executor, new ImmutableCapabilities()) {69      @Override70      protected void startSession(Capabilities capabilities) {71        setSessionId(id.toString());72      }73    };74    element = new RemoteWebElement();75    element.setParent(driver);76    element.setId(elementId.toString());77  }78  @Test79  public void shouldThrowAnExceptionIfTheShadowRootCannotBeFound() {80    HttpRequest expected = new HttpRequest(GET, String.format("/session/%s/element/%s/shadow", id, elementId));81    cannedResponses.put(82      expected,83      new HttpResponse()84        .setStatus(HTTP_NOT_FOUND)85        .setContent(Contents.asJson(86          Map.of("value", Map.of("error", "no such shadow root", "message", "")))));87    assertThatExceptionOfType(NoSuchShadowRootException.class).isThrownBy(element::getShadowRoot);88  }89  @Test90  public void shouldGetShadowRoot() {91    HttpRequest expected = new HttpRequest(GET, String.format("/session/%s/element/%s/shadow", id, elementId));92    UUID shadowId = UUID.randomUUID();93    cannedResponses.put(94      expected,95      new HttpResponse()96        .setContent(Contents.asJson(97          singletonMap("value", singletonMap("shadow-6066-11e4-a52e-4f735466cecf", shadowId)))));98    SearchContext context = element.getShadowRoot();99    assertThat(context).isNotNull();100  }101  @Test...

Source:NoSuchShadowRootException.java

...14// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the15// specific language governing permissions and limitations16// under the License.17package org.openqa.selenium;18public class NoSuchShadowRootException extends NotFoundException {19  public NoSuchShadowRootException(String message) {20    super(message);21  }22  public NoSuchShadowRootException(Throwable cause) {23    super(cause);24  }25  public NoSuchShadowRootException(String message, Throwable cause) {26    super(message, cause);27  }28}...

NoSuchShadowRootException

Using AI Code Generation

1import org.openqa.selenium.NoSuchShadowRootException;2import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;3import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;4import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;5import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;6import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedConditions;7import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;8import org.openqa.selenium.JavascriptExecutor;9import org.openqa.selenium.By;10public class ShadowRoot {11    public static void main(String[] args) {12        System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "C:\\Users\\user\\Downloads\\chromedriver_win32 (1)\\chromedriver.exe");13        ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();14        options.addArguments("--start-maximized");15        WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);16        WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, 10);17        WebElement shadowRoot = expandRootElement(shadowHost, driver);18        WebElement shadowRoot1 = expandRootElement(shadowHost1, driver);19        WebElement shadowRoot2 = expandRootElement(shadowHost2, driver);20        driver.quit();21    }22    public static WebElement expandRootElement(WebElement element, WebDriver driver) {23        WebElement ele = (WebElement) ((JavascriptExecutor) driver).executeScript("return arguments[0].shadowRoot", element);24        return ele;25    }26}

NoSuchShadowRootException

Using AI Code Generation

1import org.openqa.selenium.NoSuchShadowRootException;2import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;3import org.openqa.selenium.support.FindBy;4import org.openqa.selenium.support.How;5import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedConditions;6import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;7import org.testng.Assert;8import org.testng.annotations.Test;9public class NoSuchShadowRootExceptionExample {10    @FindBy(how = How.TAG_NAME, using = "html")11    private WebElement htmlElement;12    public void testNoSuchShadowRootExceptionExample() {13        try {14            htmlElement.findElement(By.cssSelector("div"));15            Assert.fail("Expected NoSuchElementException");16        } catch (NoSuchElementException e) {17        }18        try {19            htmlElement.findElement(By.cssSelector("div"));20            Assert.fail("Expected NoSuchShadowRootException");21        } catch (NoSuchShadowRootException e) {22        }23    }24}25org.openqa.selenium.NoSuchShadowRootException: no such element: Unable to locate element: {"method":"css selector","selector":"div"}26  (Session info: chrome=67.0.3396.99)27  (Driver info: chromedriver=2.38.552522 (5e5d8d5e5d8d5e5d8d5e5d8d5e5d5e5d5e5d5e5d),platform=Windows NT 10.0.16299 x86_64) (WARNING: The server did not provide any stacktrace information)

NoSuchShadowRootException

Using AI Code Generation

1public class TestShadowDOM {2  public static void main(String[] args) {3    ChromeDriverManager.getInstance().setup();4    ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();5    options.addArguments("--disable-extensions");6    options.addArguments("--disable-gpu");7    options.addArguments("--no-sandbox");8    options.addArguments("--disable-dev-shm-usage");9    options.addArguments("--headless");10    WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();11    driver.manage().window().maximize();12    driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

NoSuchShadowRootException

Using AI Code Generation

1package org.openqa.selenium;2public class NoSuchShadowRootException extends WebDriverException {3  public NoSuchShadowRootException(String message) {4    super(message);5  }6  public NoSuchShadowRootException(Throwable cause) {7    super(cause);8  }9  public NoSuchShadowRootException(String message, Throwable cause) {10    super(message, cause);11  }12}13package org.openqa.selenium;14public class NoSuchShadowRootException extends WebDriverException {15  public NoSuchShadowRootException(String message) {16    super(message);17  }18  public NoSuchShadowRootException(Throwable cause) {19    super(cause);20  }21  public NoSuchShadowRootException(String message, Throwable cause) {22    super(message, cause);23  }24}25package org.openqa.selenium;26public class NoSuchShadowRootException extends WebDriverException {27  public NoSuchShadowRootException(String message) {28    super(message);29  }30  public NoSuchShadowRootException(Throwable cause) {31    super(cause);32  }33  public NoSuchShadowRootException(String message, Throwable cause) {34    super(message, cause);35  }36}37package org.openqa.selenium;38public class NoSuchShadowRootException extends WebDriverException {39  public NoSuchShadowRootException(String message) {40    super(message);41  }42  public NoSuchShadowRootException(Throwable cause) {43    super(cause);44  }45  public NoSuchShadowRootException(String message, Throwable cause) {46    super(message, cause);47  }48}49package org.openqa.selenium;50public class NoSuchShadowRootException extends WebDriverException {51  public NoSuchShadowRootException(String message) {52    super(message);53  }54  public NoSuchShadowRootException(Throwable cause) {55    super(cause);56  }57  public NoSuchShadowRootException(String message, Throwable cause) {58    super(message, cause);59  }60}

NoSuchShadowRootException

Using AI Code Generation

1import org.openqa.selenium.NoSuchShadowRootException;2public class NoSuchShadowRootExceptionDemo {3    public static void main(String[] args) {4        NoSuchShadowRootException objNoSuchShadowRootException = new NoSuchShadowRootException("No such shadow root");5        System.out.println(objNoSuchShadowRootException.getMessage());6    }7}

Selenium 4 Tutorial:

LambdaTest’s Selenium 4 tutorial is covering every aspects of Selenium 4 testing with examples and best practices. Here you will learn basics, such as how to upgrade from Selenium 3 to Selenium 4, to some advanced concepts, such as Relative locators and Selenium Grid 4 for Distributed testing. Also will learn new features of Selenium 4, such as capturing screenshots of specific elements, opening a new tab or window on the browser, and new protocol adoptions.

Chapters:

Upgrading From Selenium 3 To Selenium 4?: In this chapter, learn in detail how to update Selenium 3 to Selenium 4 for Java binding. Also, learn how to upgrade while using different build tools such as Maven or Gradle and get comprehensive guidance for upgrading Selenium.
What’s New In Selenium 4 & What’s Being Deprecated? : Get all information about new implementations in Selenium 4, such as W3S protocol adaption, Optimized Selenium Grid, and Enhanced Selenium IDE. Also, learn what is deprecated for Selenium 4, such as DesiredCapabilites and FindsBy methods, etc.
Selenium 4 With Python: Selenium supports all major languages, such as Python, C#, Ruby, and JavaScript. In this chapter, learn how to install Selenium 4 for Python and the features of Python in Selenium 4, such as Relative locators, Browser manipulation, and Chrom DevTool protocol.
Selenium 4 Is Now W3C Compliant: JSON Wireframe protocol is retiring from Selenium 4, and they are adopting W3C protocol to learn in detail about the advantages and impact of these changes.
How To Use Selenium 4 Relative Locator? : Selenium 4 came with new features such as Relative Locators that allow constructing locators with reference and easily located constructors nearby. Get to know its different use cases with examples.
Selenium Grid 4 Tutorial For Distributed Testing: Selenium Grid 4 allows you to perform tests over different browsers, OS, and device combinations. It also enables parallel execution browser testing, reads up on various features of Selenium Grid 4 and how to download it, and runs a test on Selenium Grid 4 with best practices.
Selenium Video Tutorials: Binge on video tutorials on Selenium by industry experts to get step-by-step direction from automating basic to complex test scenarios with Selenium.