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How to use iUseImageAsWindow method in fMBT

Best Python code snippet using fMBT_python
eyenfinger.py
Source:eyenfinger.py
...449                _g_windowOffsets[_g_lastWindow][0], _g_windowOffsets[_g_lastWindow][1],450                SCREENSHOT_FILENAME))451        source = SCREENSHOT_FILENAME452    else:453        iUseImageAsWindow(source)454    _g_origImage = source455    orig_width, orig_height = _g_windowSizes[_g_lastWindow][0], _g_windowSizes[_g_lastWindow][1]456    x1, y1 = _coordsToInt(ocrArea[:2], (orig_width, orig_height))457    x2, y2 = _coordsToInt(ocrArea[2:], (orig_width, orig_height))458    if x2 <= x1 or y2 <= y1:459        raise EyenfingerError("Invalid area size: %s => %s" % (ocrArea, (x1, y1, x2, y2)))460    if orig_width <= 0 or orig_height <= 0:461        raise EyenfingerError("Invalid image size: %sx%s" % (orig_width, orig_height))462    if not ocr:463        if capture:464            drawWords(_g_origImage, capture, [], [])465        return []466    if preprocess == None:467        preprocess = _g_preprocess468    # convert to text469    _g_readImage = _g_origImage + "-pp.png"470    if ocrArea == (0, 0, 1.0, 1.0):471        croparea = []472        wordXOffset = 0473        wordYOffset = 0474    else:475        croparea = ["-crop", "%sx%s+%s+%s" % (x2-x1, y2-y1, x1, y1), "+repage"]476        wordXOffset = x1477        wordYOffset = y1478        # rescale possible resize preprocessing parameter479        resize_m = re.search('-resize ([0-9]+)x([0-9]*)', preprocess)480        if resize_m:481            origXResize = int(resize_m.group(1))482            newXResize = int(origXResize/float(orig_width) * (x2-x1))483            preprocess = (preprocess[:resize_m.start()] +484                          ("-resize %sx" % (newXResize,)) +485                          preprocess[resize_m.end():])486    _g_words = {}487    for psm in ocrPageSegModes:488        convert_cmd = ([fmbt_config.imagemagick_convert, _g_origImage] +489                       croparea +490                       shlex.split(preprocess) +491                       [_g_readImage])492        tesseract_cmd = ["tesseract", _g_readImage, SCREENSHOT_FILENAME,493                         "-l", lang, "-psm", str(psm), "hocr"]494        if isinstance(configfile, basestring):495            tesseract_cmd += [configfile]496        elif isinstance(configfile, list) or isinstance(configfile, tuple):497            tesseract_cmd += configfile498        exit_status, output = _runcmd(convert_cmd)499        if exit_status != 0:500            raise NoOCRResults("Convert returned exit status (%s): %s"501                               % (exit_status, _g_last_runcmd_error))502        exit_status, output = _runcmd(tesseract_cmd)503        if exit_status != 0:504            raise NoOCRResults("Tesseract returned exit status (%s): %s"505                               % (exit_status, _g_last_runcmd_error))506        hocr_filename = SCREENSHOT_FILENAME + ".html" # Tesseract 3.02507        if not os.access(hocr_filename, os.R_OK):508            hocr_filename = SCREENSHOT_FILENAME + ".hocr" # Tesseract 3.03509            if not os.access(hocr_filename, os.R_OK):510                raise NoOCRResults("HOCR output missing. Tesseract OCR 3.02 or greater required.\n")511        # store every word and its coordinates512        _g_words.update(_hocr2words(file(hocr_filename).read()))513    # convert word coordinates to the unscaled pixmap514    try:515        ocr_page_line = [line for line in file(hocr_filename).readlines() if "class='ocr_page'" in line][0]516    except IndexError:517        raise NoOCRResults("Could not read ocr_page class information from %s" % (hocr_filename,))518    scaled_width, scaled_height = re.findall('bbox 0 0 ([0-9]+)\s*([0-9]+)', ocr_page_line)[0]519    scaled_width, scaled_height = float(scaled_width) / (float(x2-x1)/orig_width), float(scaled_height) / (float(y2-y1)/orig_height)520    for word in sorted(_g_words.keys()):521        for appearance, (wordid, middle, bbox) in enumerate(_g_words[word]):522            _g_words[word][appearance] = \523                (wordid,524                 (int(middle[0]/scaled_width * orig_width) + wordXOffset,525                  int(middle[1]/scaled_height * orig_height) + wordYOffset),526                 (int(bbox[0]/scaled_width * orig_width) + wordXOffset,527                  int(bbox[1]/scaled_height * orig_height) + wordYOffset,528                  int(bbox[2]/scaled_width * orig_width) + wordXOffset,529                  int(bbox[3]/scaled_height * orig_height) + wordYOffset))530            _log('found "' + word + '": (' + str(bbox[0]) + ', ' + str(bbox[1]) + ')')531    if capture:532        drawWords(_g_origImage, capture, _g_words, _g_words)533    return sorted(_g_words.keys())534def iVerifyWord(word, match=0.33, appearance=1, capture=None):535    """536    DEPRECATED - use fmbtx11.Screen.verifyOcrText instead.537    Verify that word can be found from previously iRead() image.538    Parameters:539        word         word that should be checked540        appearance   if word appears many times, appearance to541                     be clicked. Defaults to the first one.542        match        minimum matching score543        capture      save image with verified word highlighted544                     to this file. Default: None (nothing is saved).545    Returns pair: ((score, matchingWord), (left, top, right, bottom)), where546        score        score of found match (1.0 for perfect match)547        matchingWord corresponding word detected by OCR548        (left, top, right, bottom)549                     bounding box of the word in read image550    Throws BadMatch error if word is not found.551    Throws NoOCRResults error if there are OCR results available552    on the current screen.553    """554    if _g_words == None:555        raise NoOCRResults('iRead has not been called with ocr=True')556    score, matching_word = findWord(word)557    if capture:558        drawWords(_g_origImage, capture, [word], _g_words)559    if score < match:560        raise BadMatch('No matching word for "%s". The best candidate "%s" with score %.2f, required %.2f' %561                            (word, matching_word, score, match))562    return ((score, matching_word), _g_words[matching_word][appearance-1][2])563def iVerifyText(text, match=0.33, capture=None):564    """565    DEPRECATED - use fmbtx11.Screen.verifyOcrText instead.566    Verify that text can be found from previously iRead() image.567    Parameters:568        text         multiple words that should be checked569        match        minimum matching score570        capture      save image with verified text highlighted571                     to this file. Default: None (nothing is saved).572    Returns pair:573        ((score, matchingText), (left, top, right, bottom)), where574        score        score of found match (1.0 for perfect match)575        matchingText corresponding text detected by OCR576        (left, top, right, bottom)577                     bounding box of the text in read image578    Throws BadMatch error if text is not found.579    Throws NoOCRResults error if there are OCR results available580    on the current screen.581    """582    if _g_words == None:583        raise NoOCRResults('iRead has not been called with ocr=True')584    score_text_bbox_list = findText(text, match)585    if len(score_text_bbox_list) == 0:586        raise BadMatch('No match >= %s for text "%s"' % (score, text))587    score, text, bbox = score_text_box_list[0]588    if capture:589        drawBbox(_g_origImage, capture, bbox, "%.2f %s" % (score, text))590    return ((score, matching_text), bbox)591def iVerifyIcon(iconFilename, match=None, colorMatch=None, opacityLimit=None, capture=None, area=(0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0), _origin="iVerifyIcon"):592    """593    DEPRECATED - use fmbtx11.Screen.verifyBitmap instead.594    Verify that icon can be found from previously iRead() image.595    Parameters:596        iconFilename   name of the icon file to be searched for597        match          minimum matching score between 0 and 1.0,598                       1.0 is perfect match (default)599        colorMatch     1.0 (default) requires exact color match. Value600                       below 1.0 defines maximum allowed color601                       difference. See iSetDefaultIconColorMatch.602        opacityLimit   0.0 (default) requires exact color values603                       independently of opacity. If lower than 1.0,604                       pixel less opaque than given value are skipped605                       in pixel perfect comparisons.606        capture        save image with verified icon highlighted607                       to this file. Default: None (nothing is saved).608        area           rectangle (left, top, right, bottom). Search609                       icon inside this rectangle only. Values can be610                       absolute coordinates, or floats in range [0.0,611                       1.0] that will be scaled to image dimensions.612                       The default is (0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0), that is613                       full rectangle.614    Returns pair: (score, (left, top, right, bottom)), where615        score          score of found match (1.0 for perfect match)616        (left, top, right, bottom)617                       bounding box of found icon618    Throws BadMatch error if icon is not found.619    """620    if not eye4graphics:621        _log('ERROR: %s("%s") called, but eye4graphics not loaded.' % (_origin, iconFilename))622        raise EyenfingerError("eye4graphics not available")623    if not _g_origImage:624        _log('ERROR %s("%s") called, but source not defined (iRead not called).' % (_origin, iconFilename))625        raise BadSourceImage("Source image not defined, cannot search for an icon.")626    if not (os.path.isfile(iconFilename) and os.access(iconFilename, os.R_OK)):627        _log('ERROR %s("%s") called, but the icon file is not readable.' % (_origin, iconFilename))628        raise BadIconImage('Icon "%s" is not readable.' % (iconFilename,))629    if match == None:630        match = _g_defaultIconMatch631    if match > 1.0:632        _log('ERROR %s("%s"): invalid match value, must be below 1.0. ' % (_origin, iconFilename,))633        raise ValueError("invalid match value: %s, should be 0 <= match <= 1.0" % (match,))634    if colorMatch == None:635        colorMatch = _g_defaultIconColorMatch636    if not 0.0 <= colorMatch <= 1.0:637        _log('ERROR %s("%s"): invalid colorMatch value, must be between 0 and 1. ' % (_origin, iconFilename,))638        raise ValueError("invalid colorMatch value: %s, should be 0 <= colorMatch <= 1.0" % (colorMatch,))639    if opacityLimit == None:640        opacityLimit = _g_defaultIconOpacityLimit641    if not 0.0 <= opacityLimit <= 1.0:642        _log('ERROR %s("%s"): invalid opacityLimit value, must be between 0 and 1. ' % (_origin, iconFilename,))643        raise ValueError("invalid opacityLimit value: %s, should be 0 <= opacityLimit <= 1.0" % (opacityLimit,))644    if area[0] > area[2] or area[1] >= area[3]:645        raise ValueError("invalid area: %s, should be rectangle (left, top, right, bottom)" % (area,))646    leftTopRightBottomZero = (_coordsToInt((area[0], area[1]), windowSize()) +647                               _coordsToInt((area[2], area[3]), windowSize()) +648                               (0,))649    struct_area_bbox = Bbox(*leftTopRightBottomZero)650    struct_bbox = Bbox(0,0,0,0,0)651    threshold = int((1.0-match)*20)652    err = eye4graphics.findSingleIcon(ctypes.byref(struct_bbox),653                                      _g_origImage, iconFilename, threshold,654                                      ctypes.c_double(colorMatch),655                                      ctypes.c_double(opacityLimit),656                                      ctypes.byref(struct_area_bbox))657    bbox = (int(struct_bbox.left), int(struct_bbox.top),658            int(struct_bbox.right), int(struct_bbox.bottom))659    if err == -1 or err == -2:660        msg = '%s: "%s" not found, match=%.2f, threshold=%s, closest threshold %s.' % (661            _origin, iconFilename, match, threshold, int(struct_bbox.error))662        if capture:663            drawIcon(_g_origImage, capture, iconFilename, bbox, 'red')664        _log(msg)665        raise BadMatch(msg)666    elif err != 0:667        _log("%s: findSingleIcon returned %s" % (_origin, err,))668        raise BadMatch("%s not found, findSingleIcon returned %s." % (iconFilename, err))669    if threshold > 0:670        score = (threshold - int(struct_bbox.error)) / float(threshold)671    else:672        score = 1.0673    if capture:674        drawIcon(_g_origImage, capture, iconFilename, bbox, area=leftTopRightBottomZero[:4])675    return (score, bbox)676def iClickIcon(iconFilename, clickPos=(0.5,0.5), match=None,677               colorMatch=None, opacityLimit=None,678               mouseButton=1, mouseEvent=MOUSEEVENT_CLICK, dryRun=None, capture=None):679    """680    DEPRECATED - use fmbtx11.Screen.tapBitmap instead.681    Click coordinates relative to the given icon in previously iRead() image.682    Parameters:683        iconFilename read icon from this file684        clickPos     position to be clicked,685                     relative to word top-left corner of the bounding686                     box around the word. X and Y units are relative687                     to width and height of the box.  (0,0) is the688                     top-left corner, (1,1) is bottom-right corner,689                     (0.5, 0.5) is the middle point (default).690                     Values below 0 or greater than 1 click outside691                     the bounding box.692        match        1.0 (default) requires exact match. Value below 1.0693                     defines minimum required score for fuzzy matching694                     (EXPERIMENTAL). See iSetDefaultIconMatch.695        colorMatch   1.0 (default) requires exact color match. Value696                     below 1.0 defines maximum allowed color697                     difference. See iSetDefaultIconColorMatch.698        opacityLimit 0.0 (default) requires exact color values699                     independently of opacity. If lower than 1.0,700                     pixel less opaque than given value are skipped701                     in pixel perfect comparisons.702        mouseButton  mouse button to be synthesized on the event, default is 1.703        mouseEvent   event to be synthesized, the default is MOUSEEVENT_CLICK,704                     others: MOUSEEVENT_MOVE, MOUSEEVENT_DOWN, MOUSEEVENT_UP.705        dryRun       if True, does not synthesize events. Still returns706                     coordinates of the clicked position and illustrates707                     the clicked position on the capture image if708                     given.709        capture      name of file where image of highlighted icon and710                     clicked point are saved.711    Returns pair (score, (clickedX, clickedY)), where712        score        score of found match (1.0 for perfect match)713        (clickedX, clickedY)714                     X and Y coordinates of clicked position on the715                     screen.716    Throws BadMatch error if could not find a matching word.717    """718    _DEPRECATED()719    score, bbox = iVerifyIcon(iconFilename, match=match,720                              colorMatch=colorMatch, opacityLimit=opacityLimit,721                              capture=capture, _origin="iClickIcon")722    clickedXY = iClickBox(bbox, clickPos, mouseButton, mouseEvent, dryRun,723                          capture, _captureText = iconFilename)724    return (score, clickedXY)725def iClickWord(word, appearance=1, clickPos=(0.5,0.5), match=0.33,726               mouseButton=1, mouseEvent=1, dryRun=None, capture=None):727    """728    DEPRECATED - use fmbtx11.Screen.tapOcrText instead.729    Click coordinates relative to the given word in previously iRead() image.730    Parameters:731        word         word that should be clicked732        appearance   if word appears many times, appearance to733                     be clicked. Defaults to the first one.734        clickPos     position to be clicked,735                     relative to word top-left corner of the bounding736                     box around the word. X and Y units are relative737                     to width and height of the box.  (0,0) is the738                     top-left corner, (1,1) is bottom-right corner,739                     (0.5, 0.5) is the middle point (default).740                     Values below 0 or greater than 1 click outside741                     the bounding box.742        capture      name of file where image of highlighted word and743                     clicked point are saved.744    Returns pair: ((score, matchingWord), (clickedX, clickedY)), where745        score        score of found match (1.0 for perfect match)746        matchingWord corresponding word detected by OCR747        (clickedX, clickedY)748                     X and Y coordinates of clicked position on the749                     screen.750    Throws BadMatch error if could not find a matching word.751    Throws NoOCRResults error if there are OCR results available752    on the current screen.753    """754    _DEPRECATED()755    (score, matching_word), bbox = iVerifyWord(word, appearance=appearance, match=match, capture=False)756    clickedX, clickedY = iClickBox(bbox, clickPos, mouseButton, mouseEvent, dryRun, capture=False)757    windowId = _g_lastWindow758    _log('iClickWord("%s"): word "%s", match %.2f, bbox %s, window offset %s, click %s' %759         (word, matching_word, score,760          bbox, _g_windowOffsets[windowId],761          (clickedX, clickedY)))762    if capture:763        drawWords(_g_origImage, capture, [word], _g_words)764        drawClickedPoint(capture, capture, (clickedX, clickedY))765    return ((score, matching_word), (clickedX, clickedY))766def iClickBox((left, top, right, bottom), clickPos=(0.5, 0.5),767              mouseButton=1, mouseEvent=1, dryRun=None,768              capture=None, _captureText=None):769    """770    DEPRECATED - use fmbtx11.Screen.tapItem instead.771    Click coordinates relative to the given bounding box, default is772    in the middle of the box.773    Parameters:774        (left, top, right, bottom)775                     coordinates of the box inside the window.776                     (0, 0) is the top-left corner of the window.777        clickPos     (offsetX, offsetY) position to be clicked,778                     relative to the given box. (0, 0) is the779                     top-left, and (1.0, 1.0) is the lower-right780                     corner of the box.  The default is (0.5, 0.5),781                     that is, the middle point of the box. Values782                     smaller than 0 and bigger than 1 are allowed,783                     too.784        mouseButton  mouse button to be synthesized on the event, default is 1.785        mouseEvent   event to be synthesized, the default is MOUSEEVENT_CLICK,786                     others: MOUSEEVENT_MOVE, MOUSEEVENT_DOWN, MOUSEEVENT_UP.787        dryRun       if True, does not synthesize events. Still returns788                     coordinates of the clicked position and illustrates789                     the clicked position on the capture image if790                     given.791        capture      name of file where the last screenshot with792                     clicked point highlighted is saved. The default793                     is None (nothing is saved).794    Returns pair (clickedX, clickedY)795                     X and Y coordinates of clicked position on the796                     screen.797    """798    clickWinX = int(left + clickPos[0]*(right-left))799    clickWinY = int(top + clickPos[1]*(bottom-top))800    (clickedX, clickedY) = iClickWindow((clickWinX, clickWinY),801                                        mouseButton, mouseEvent,802                                        dryRun, capture=False)803    if capture:804        if _captureText == None:805            _captureText = "Box: %s, %s, %s, %s" % (left, top, right, bottom)806        drawIcon(_g_origImage, capture, _captureText, (left, top, right, bottom))807        drawClickedPoint(capture, capture, (clickedX, clickedY))808    return (clickedX, clickedY)809def iClickWindow((clickX, clickY), mouseButton=1, mouseEvent=1, dryRun=None, capture=None):810    """811    DEPRECATED - use fmbtx11.Screen.tap instead.812    Click given coordinates in the window.813    Parameters:814        (clickX, clickY)815                     coordinates to be clicked inside the window.816                     (0, 0) is the top-left corner of the window.817                     Integer values are window coordinates. Floating818                     point values from 0.0 to 1.0 are scaled to window819                     coordinates: (0.5, 0.5) is the middle of the820                     window, and (1.0, 1.0) the bottom-right corner of821                     the window.822        mouseButton  mouse button to be synthesized on the event, default is 1.823        mouseEvent   event to be synthesized, the default is MOUSEEVENT_CLICK,824                     others: MOUSEEVENT_MOVE, MOUSEEVENT_DOWN, MOUSEEVENT_UP.825        dryRun       if True, does not synthesize events. Still826                     illustrates the clicked position on the capture827                     image if given.828        capture      name of file where the last screenshot with829                     clicked point highlighted is saved. The default830                     is None (nothing is saved).831    Returns pair (clickedX, clickedY)832                     X and Y coordinates of clicked position on the833                     screen.834    """835    # Get the size of the window836    wndSize = windowSize()837    (clickX, clickY) = _coordsToInt((clickX, clickY), wndSize)838    # Get the position of the window839    wndPos = windowXY()840    # If coordinates are given as percentages, convert to window coordinates841    clickScrX = clickX + wndPos[0]842    clickScrY = clickY + wndPos[1]843    iClickScreen((clickScrX, clickScrY), mouseButton, mouseEvent, dryRun, capture)844    return (clickScrX, clickScrY)845def iClickScreen((clickX, clickY), mouseButton=1, mouseEvent=1, dryRun=None, capture=None):846    """847    DEPRECATED - use fmbtx11.Screen.tap instead.848    Click given absolute coordinates on the screen.849    Parameters:850        (clickX, clickY)851                     coordinates to be clicked on the screen. (0, 0)852                     is the top-left corner of the screen. Integer853                     values are screen coordinates. Floating point854                     values from 0.0 to 1.0 are scaled to screen855                     coordinates: (0.5, 0.5) is the middle of the856                     screen, and (1.0, 1.0) the bottom-right corner of857                     the screen.858        mouseButton  mouse button to be synthesized on the event, default is 1.859        mouseEvent   event to be synthesized, the default is MOUSEEVENT_CLICK,860                     others: MOUSEEVENT_MOVE, MOUSEEVENT_DOWN, MOUSEEVENT_UP.861        dryRun       if True, does not synthesize events. Still862                     illustrates the clicked position on the capture863                     image if given.864        capture      name of file where the last screenshot with865                     clicked point highlighted is saved. The default866                     is None (nothing is saved).867    """868    _DEPRECATED()869    if mouseEvent == MOUSEEVENT_CLICK:870        params = "'mouseclick %s'" % (mouseButton,)871    elif mouseEvent == MOUSEEVENT_DOWN:872        params = "'mousedown %s'" % (mouseButton,)873    elif mouseEvent == MOUSEEVENT_UP:874        params = "'mouseup %s'" % (mouseButton,)875    else:876        params = ""877    clickX, clickY = _coordsToInt((clickX, clickY))878    if capture:879        drawClickedPoint(_g_origImage, capture, (clickX, clickY))880    if dryRun == None:881        dryRun = _g_defaultClickDryRun882    if not dryRun:883        # use xte from the xautomation package884        _runcmd("xte 'mousemove %s %s' %s" % (clickX, clickY, params))885def iGestureScreen(listOfCoordinates, duration=0.5, holdBeforeGesture=0.0, holdAfterGesture=0.0, intermediatePoints=0, capture=None, dryRun=None):886    """887    DEPRECATED - use fmbtx11.Screen.drag instead.888    Synthesizes a gesture on the screen.889    Parameters:890        listOfCoordinates891                     The coordinates through which the cursor moves.892                     Integer values are screen coordinates. Floating893                     point values from 0.0 to 1.0 are scaled to screen894                     coordinates: (0.5, 0.5) is the middle of the895                     screen, and (1.0, 1.0) the bottom-right corner of896                     the screen.897        duration     gesture time in seconds, excluding898                     holdBeforeGesture and holdAfterGesture times.899        holdBeforeGesture900                     time in seconds to keep mouse down before the901                     gesture.902        holdAfterGesture903                     time in seconds to keep mouse down after the904                     gesture.905        intermediatePoints906                     the number of intermediate points to be added907                     between each of the coordinates. Intermediate908                     points are added to straight lines between start909                     and end points.910        capture      name of file where the last screenshot with911                     the points through which the cursors passes is912                     saved. The default is None (nothing is saved).913        dryRun       if True, does not synthesize events. Still914                     illustrates the coordinates through which the cursor915                     goes.916    """917    _DEPRECATED()918    # The params list to be fed to xte919    params = []920    # The list of coordinates through which the cursor has to go921    goThroughCoordinates = []922    for pos in xrange(len(listOfCoordinates)):923        x, y = _coordsToInt(listOfCoordinates[pos])924        goThroughCoordinates.append((x,y))925        if pos == len(listOfCoordinates) - 1:926            break # last coordinate added927        nextX, nextY = _coordsToInt(listOfCoordinates[pos+1])928        (x,y), (nextX, nextY) = (x, y), (nextX, nextY)929        for ip in range(intermediatePoints):930            goThroughCoordinates.append(931                (int(round(x + (nextX-x)*(ip+1)/float(intermediatePoints+1))),932                 int(round(y + (nextY-y)*(ip+1)/float(intermediatePoints+1)))))933    # Calculate the time (in micro seconds) to sleep between moves.934    if len(goThroughCoordinates) > 1:935        moveDelay = 1000000 * float(duration) / (len(goThroughCoordinates)-1)936    else:937        moveDelay = 0938    if not dryRun:939        # Build the params list.940        params.append("'mousemove %d %d'" % goThroughCoordinates[0])941        params.append("'mousedown 1 '")942        if holdBeforeGesture > 0:943            params.append("'usleep %d'" % (holdBeforeGesture * 1000000,))944        for i in xrange(1, len(goThroughCoordinates)):945            params.append("'usleep %d'" % (moveDelay,))946            params.append("'mousemove %d %d'" % goThroughCoordinates[i])947        if holdAfterGesture > 0:948            params.append("'usleep %d'" % (holdAfterGesture * 1000000,))949        params.append("'mouseup 1'")950        # Perform the gesture951        _runcmd("xte %s" % (" ".join(params),))952    if capture:953        intCoordinates = [ _coordsToInt(point) for point in listOfCoordinates ]954        drawLines(_g_origImage, capture, intCoordinates, goThroughCoordinates)955    return goThroughCoordinates956def iGestureWindow(listOfCoordinates, duration=0.5, holdBeforeGesture=0.0, holdAfterGesture=0.0, intermediatePoints=0, capture=None, dryRun=None):957    """958    DEPRECATED - use fmbtx11.Screen.drag instead.959    Synthesizes a gesture on the window.960    Parameters:961        listOfCoordinates962                     The coordinates through which the cursor moves.963                     Integer values are window coordinates. Floating964                     point values from 0.0 to 1.0 are scaled to window965                     coordinates: (0.5, 0.5) is the middle of the966                     window, and (1.0, 1.0) the bottom-right corner of967                     the window.968        duration     gesture time in seconds, excluding969                     holdBeforeGesture and holdAfterGesture times.970        holdBeforeGesture971                     time in seconds to keep mouse down before the972                     gesture.973        holdAfterGesture974                     time in seconds to keep mouse down after the975                     gesture.976        intermediatePoints977                     the number of intermediate points to be added978                     between each of the coordinates. Intermediate979                     points are added to straight lines between start980                     and end points.981        capture      name of file where the last screenshot with982                     the points through which the cursors passes is983                     saved. The default is None (nothing is saved).984        dryRun       if True, does not synthesize events. Still985                     illustrates the coordinates through which the cursor986                     goes.987    """988    screenCoordinates = [ _windowToScreen(*_coordsToInt((x,y),windowSize())) for (x,y) in listOfCoordinates ]989    return iGestureScreen(screenCoordinates, duration, holdBeforeGesture, holdAfterGesture, intermediatePoints, capture, dryRun)990def iType(word, delay=0.0):991    """992    DEPRECATED - use fmbtx11.Screen.type instead.993    Send keypress events.994    Parameters:995        word is either996            - a string containing letters and numbers.997              Each letter/number is using press and release events.998            - a list that contains999              - keys: each key is sent using press and release events.1000              - (key, event)-pairs: the event (either "press" or "release")1001                is sent.1002              - (key1, key2, ..., keyn)-tuples. 2n events is sent:1003                key1 press, key2 press, ..., keyn press,1004                keyn release, ..., key2 release, key1 release.1005            Keys are defined in eyenfinger.Xkeys, for complete list1006            see keysymdef.h.1007        delay is given as seconds between sent events1008    Examples:1009        iType('hello')1010        iType([('Shift_L', 'press'), 'h', 'e', ('Shift_L', 'release'), 'l', 'l', 'o'])1011        iType([('Control_L', 'Alt_L', 'Delete')])1012    """1013    _DEPRECATED()1014    args = []1015    for char in word:1016        if type(char) == tuple:1017            if char[1].lower() == 'press':1018                args.append("'keydown %s'" % (char[0],))1019            elif char[1].lower() == 'release':1020                args.append("'keyup %s'" % (char[0],))1021            else:1022                rest = []1023                for key in char:1024                    args.append("'keydown %s'" % (key,))1025                    rest.insert(0, "'keyup %s'" % (key,))1026                args = args + rest1027        else:1028            # char is keyname or single letter/number1029            args.append("'key %s'" % (char,))1030    usdelay = " 'usleep %s' " % (int(delay*1000000),)1031    _runcmd("xte %s" % (usdelay.join(args),))1032def iInputKey(*args, **kwargs):1033    """1034    DEPRECATED - use fmbtx11.Screen.pressKey instead.1035    Send keypresses using Linux evdev interface1036    (/dev/input/eventXX).1037    iInputKey(keySpec[, keySpec...], hold=<float>, delay=<float>, device=<str>)1038    Parameters:1039        keySpec      is one of the following:1040                     - a string of one-character-long key names:1041                       "aesc" will send four keypresses: A, E, S and C.1042                     - a list of key names:1043                       ["a", "esc"] will send two keypresses: A and ESC.1044                       Key names are listed in eyenfinger.InputKeys.1045                     - an integer:1046                       116 will press the POWER key.1047                     - "_" or "^":1048                       only press or release event will be generated1049                       for the next key, respectively.1050                     If a key name inside keySpec is prefixed by "_"1051                     or "^", only press or release event is generated1052                     for that key.1053        hold         time (in seconds) to hold the key before1054                     releasing. The default is 0.1.1055        delay        delay (in seconds) after key release. The default1056                     is 0.1.1057        device       name of the input device or input event file to1058                     which all key presses are sent. The default can1059                     be set with iSetDefaultInputKeyDevice().  For1060                     instance, "/dev/input/event0" or a name of a1061                     device in /proc/bus/input/devices.1062    """1063    _DEPRECATED()1064    hold = kwargs.get("hold", 0.1)1065    delay = kwargs.get("delay", 0.1)1066    device = kwargs.get("device", _g_defaultInputKeyDevice)1067    inputKeySeq = []1068    press, release = 1, 11069    for a in args:1070        if a == "_": press, release = 1, 01071        elif a == "^": press, release = 0, 11072        elif type(a) == str:1073            for char in a:1074                if char == "_": press, release = 1, 01075                elif char == "^": press, release = 0, 11076                else:1077                    inputKeySeq.append((press, release, _inputKeyNameToCode(char.upper())))1078                    press, release = 1, 11079        elif type(a) in (tuple, list):1080            for keySpec in a:1081                if type(keySpec) == int:1082                    inputKeySeq.append((press, release, keySpec))1083                    press, release = 1, 11084                else:1085                    if keySpec.startswith("_"):1086                        press, release = 1, 01087                        keySpec = keySpec[1:]1088                    elif keySpec.startswith("^"):1089                        press, release = 0, 11090                        keySpec = keySpec[1:]1091                    if keySpec:1092                        inputKeySeq.append((press, release, _inputKeyNameToCode(keySpec.upper())))1093                        press, release = 1, 11094        elif type(a) == int:1095            inputKeySeq.append((press, release, a))1096            press, release = 1, 11097        else:1098            raise ValueError('Invalid keySpec "%s"' % (a,))1099    if inputKeySeq:1100        _writeInputKeySeq(_deviceFilename(device), inputKeySeq, hold=hold, delay=delay)1101def _deviceFilename(deviceName):1102    if not _deviceFilename.deviceCache:1103        _deviceFilename.deviceCache = dict(_listInputDevices())1104    if not deviceName in _deviceFilename.deviceCache:1105        return deviceName1106    else:1107        return _deviceFilename.deviceCache[deviceName]1108_deviceFilename.deviceCache = {}1109def _listInputDevices():1110    nameAndFile = []1111    for l in file("/proc/bus/input/devices"):1112        if l.startswith("N: Name="):1113            nameAndFile.append([l.split('"')[1]])1114        elif l.startswith("H: Handlers=") and "event" in l:1115            try:1116                eventFilename = re.findall("(event[0-9]+)", l)[0]1117                nameAndFile[-1].append("/dev/input/%s" % (eventFilename,))1118            except:1119                _log('WARNING: Could not recognise event[0-9] filename from row "%s".' % (l.strip(),))1120    return nameAndFile1121def _writeInputKeySeq(filename, keyCodeSeq, hold=0.1, delay=0.1):1122    if type(filename) != str or len(filename) == 0:1123        raise ValueError('Invalid input device "%s"' % (filename,))1124    fd = os.open(filename, os.O_WRONLY | os.O_NONBLOCK)1125    for press, release, keyCode in keyCodeSeq:1126        if press:1127            bytes = os.write(fd, struct.pack(_InputEventStructSpec,1128                                             int(time.time()), 0, _EV_KEY, keyCode, 1))1129            if bytes > 0:1130                bytes += os.write(fd, struct.pack(_InputEventStructSpec,1131                                                  0, 0, 0, 0, 0))1132            time.sleep(hold)1133        if release:1134            bytes += os.write(fd, struct.pack(_InputEventStructSpec,1135                                              int(time.time()), 0, _EV_KEY, keyCode, 0))1136            if bytes > 0:1137                bytes += os.write(fd, struct.pack(_InputEventStructSpec,1138                                                  0, 0, 0, 0, 0))1139            time.sleep(delay)1140    os.close(fd)1141def findWord(word, detected_words = None, appearance=1):1142    """1143    Returns pair (score, corresponding-detected-word)1144    """1145    if detected_words == None:1146        detected_words = _g_words1147        if _g_words == None:1148            raise NoOCRResults()1149    scored_words = []1150    for w in detected_words:1151        scored_words.append((_score(w, word), w))1152    scored_words.sort()1153    if len(scored_words) == 0:1154        raise BadMatch("No words found.")1155    return scored_words[-1]1156def findText(text, detected_words = None, match=-1):1157    def biggerBox(bbox_list):1158        left, top, right, bottom = bbox_list[0]1159        for l, t, r, b in bbox_list[1:]:1160            left = min(left, l)1161            top = min(top, t)1162            right = max(right, r)1163            bottom = max(bottom, b)1164        return (left, top, right, bottom)1165    words = text.split()1166    word_count = len(words)1167    detected_texts = [] # strings of <word_count> words1168    if detected_words == None:1169        detected_words = _g_words1170        if _g_words == None:1171            raise NoOCRResults()1172    # sort by numeric word id1173    words_by_id = []1174    for word in detected_words:1175        for wid, middle, bbox in detected_words[word]:1176            # change word id from "word_2_42" to (2, 42)1177            int_wid = [int(n) for n in wid[5:].split("_")]1178            words_by_id.append(1179                (int_wid, word, bbox))1180    words_by_id.sort()1181    scored_texts = []1182    if word_count > 0:1183        for i in xrange(len(words_by_id)-word_count+1):1184            detected_texts.append(1185                (" ".join([w[1] for w in words_by_id[i:i+word_count]]),1186                 biggerBox([w[2] for w in words_by_id[i:i+word_count]])))1187        norm_text = " ".join(words) # normalize whitespace1188        for t in detected_texts:1189            scored_texts.append((_score(t[0], norm_text), t[0], t[1]))1190        scored_texts.sort()1191    elif match == 0.0:1192        # text == "", match == 0 => every word is a match1193        for w in words_by_id:1194            detected_texts.append((w[1], w[2]))1195        scored_texts = [(0.0, t[0], t[1]) for t in detected_texts]1196    else:1197        # text == "", match != 0 => no hits1198        detected_texts = []1199        scored_texts = []1200    return [st for st in scored_texts if st[0] >= match]1201def _score(w1, w2):1202    closeMatch = {1203        '1l': 0.1,1204        '1I': 0.2,1205        'Il': 0.21206        }1207    def levenshteinDistance(w1, w2):1208        m = [range(len(w1)+1)]1209        for j in xrange(len(w2)+1):1210            m.append([])1211            m[-1].append(j+1)1212        i, j = 0, 01213        for j in xrange(1, len(w2)+1):1214            for i in xrange(1, len(w1)+1):1215                if w1[i-1] == w2[j-1]:1216                    m[j].append(m[j-1][i-1])1217                else:1218                    # This is not part of Levenshtein:1219                    # if characters often look similar,1220                    # don't add full edit distance (1.0),1221                    # use the value in closeMatch instead.1222                    chars = ''.join(sorted(w1[i-1] + w2[j-1]))1223                    if chars in closeMatch:1224                        m[j].append(m[j-1][i-1]+closeMatch[chars])1225                    else:1226                        # Standard Levenshtein continues...1227                        m[j].append(min(1228                                m[j-1][i] + 1,  # delete1229                                m[j][i-1] + 1,  # insert1230                                m[j-1][i-1] + 1 # substitute1231                                ))1232        return m[j][i]1233    return 1 - (levenshteinDistance(w1, w2) / float(max(len(w1),len(w2))))1234def _hocr2words(hocr):1235    rv = {}1236    hocr = hocr.replace("<strong>","").replace("</strong>","").replace("<em>","").replace("</em>","")1237    hocr.replace("&#39;", "'")1238    for name, code in htmlentitydefs.name2codepoint.iteritems():1239        if code < 128:1240            hocr = hocr.replace('&' + name + ';', chr(code))1241    ocr_word = re.compile('''<span class=['"]ocrx?_word["'] id=['"]([^']*)["'] title=['"]bbox ([0-9]+) ([0-9]+) ([0-9]+) ([0-9]+)["';][^>]*>([^<]*)</span>''')1242    for word_id, bbox_left, bbox_top, bbox_right, bbox_bottom, word in ocr_word.findall(hocr):1243        bbox_left, bbox_top, bbox_right, bbox_bottom = \1244            int(bbox_left), int(bbox_top), int(bbox_right), int(bbox_bottom)1245        if not word in rv:1246            rv[word] = []1247        middle_x = (bbox_right + bbox_left) / 2.01248        middle_y = (bbox_top + bbox_bottom) / 2.01249        rv[word].append((word_id, (middle_x, middle_y),1250                         (bbox_left, bbox_top, bbox_right, bbox_bottom)))1251    return rv1252def _getScreenSize():1253    global _g_screenSize1254    _, output = _runcmd("xwininfo -root | awk '/Width:/{w=$NF}/Height:/{h=$NF}END{print w\" \"h}'")1255    s_width, s_height = output.split(" ")1256    _g_screenSize = (int(s_width), int(s_height))1257def iUseWindow(windowIdOrName = None):1258    global _g_lastWindow1259    if windowIdOrName == None:1260        if _g_lastWindow == None:1261            _g_lastWindow = iActiveWindow()1262    elif windowIdOrName.startswith("0x"):1263        _g_lastWindow = windowIdOrName1264    else:1265        _g_lastWindow = _runcmd("xwininfo -name '%s' | awk '/Window id: 0x/{print $4}'" %1266                              (windowIdOrName,))[1].strip()1267        if not _g_lastWindow.startswith("0x"):1268            raise BadWindowName('Cannot find window id for "%s" (got: "%s")' %1269                                (windowIdOrName, _g_lastWindow))1270    _, output = _runcmd("xwininfo -id %s | awk '/Width:/{w=$NF}/Height:/{h=$NF}/Absolute upper-left X/{x=$NF}/Absolute upper-left Y/{y=$NF}END{print x\" \"y\" \"w\" \"h}'" %1271                       (_g_lastWindow,))1272    offset_x, offset_y, width, height = output.split(" ")1273    _g_windowOffsets[_g_lastWindow] = (int(offset_x), int(offset_y))1274    _g_windowSizes[_g_lastWindow] = (int(width), int(height))1275    _getScreenSize()1276    return _g_lastWindow1277def iUseImageAsWindow(imageFilename):1278    global _g_lastWindow1279    global _g_screenSize1280    if not eye4graphics:1281        _log('ERROR: iUseImageAsWindow("%s") called, but eye4graphics not loaded.' % (imageFilename,))1282        raise EyenfingerError("eye4graphics not available")1283    if not os.access(imageFilename, os.R_OK):1284        raise BadSourceImage("The input file could not be read or not present.")1285    _g_lastWindow = imageFilename1286    imageWidth, imageHeight = imageSize(imageFilename)1287    if imageWidth == None:1288        _log('iUseImageAsWindow: Failed reading dimensions of image "%s".' % (imageFilename,))1289        raise BadSourceImage('Failed to read dimensions of "%s".' % (imageFilename,))1290    _g_windowOffsets[_g_lastWindow] = (0, 0)1291    _g_windowSizes[_g_lastWindow] = (imageWidth, imageHeight)1292    _g_screenSize = _g_windowSizes[_g_lastWindow]1293    return _g_lastWindow1294def iActiveWindow(windowId = None):1295    """ return id of active window, in '0x1d0f14' format """1296    if windowId == None:1297        _, output = _runcmd("xprop -root | awk '/_NET_ACTIVE_WINDOW\(WINDOW\)/{print $NF}'")1298        windowId = output.strip()1299    return windowId1300def drawBboxes(inputfilename, outputfilename, bboxes):1301    """1302    Draw bounding boxes1303    """1304    if inputfilename == None:1305        return1306    draw_commands = []1307    for bbox in bboxes:1308        left, top, right, bottom = bbox1309        color = "green"1310        draw_commands += ["-stroke", color, "-fill", "blue", "-draw", "fill-opacity 0.2 rectangle %s,%s %s,%s" % (1311            left, top, right, bottom)]1312    _runDrawCmd(inputfilename, draw_commands, outputfilename)1313def drawBbox(inputfilename, outputfilename, bbox, caption):1314    """1315    Draw bounding box1316    """1317    if inputfilename == None:1318        return1319    draw_commands = []1320    left, top, right, bottom = bbox1321    color = "green"1322    draw_commands += ["-stroke", color, "-fill", "blue", "-draw", "fill-opacity 0.2 rectangle %s,%s %s,%s" % (1323        left, top, right, bottom)]1324    draw_commands += ["-stroke", "none", "-fill", color, "-draw", "text %s,%s '%s'" % (1325        left, top, _safeForShell(caption))]1326    _runDrawCmd(inputfilename, draw_commands, outputfilename)1327def drawWords(inputfilename, outputfilename, words, detected_words):1328    """1329    Draw boxes around words detected in inputfilename that match to1330    given words. Result is saved to outputfilename.1331    """1332    if inputfilename == None:1333        return1334    draw_commands = []1335    for w in words:1336        score, dw = findWord(w, detected_words)1337        left, top, right, bottom = detected_words[dw][0][2]1338        if score < 0.33:1339            color = "red"1340        elif score < 0.5:1341            color = "brown"1342        else:1343            color = "green"1344        draw_commands += ["-stroke", color, "-fill", "blue", "-draw", "fill-opacity 0.2 rectangle %s,%s %s,%s" % (1345            left, top, right, bottom)]1346        draw_commands += ["-stroke", "none", "-fill", color, "-draw", "text %s,%s '%s'" % (1347            left, top, _safeForShell(w))]1348        draw_commands += ["-stroke", "none", "-fill", color, "-draw", "text %s,%s '%.2f'" % (1349            left, bottom+10, score)]1350    _runDrawCmd(inputfilename, draw_commands, outputfilename)1351def drawIcon(inputfilename, outputfilename, iconFilename, bboxes, color='green', area=None):1352    if inputfilename == None:1353        return1354    if type(bboxes) == tuple:1355        bboxes = [bboxes]1356        show_number = False1357    else:1358        show_number = True1359    draw_commands = []1360    for index, bbox in enumerate(bboxes):1361        left, top, right, bottom = bbox[0], bbox[1], bbox[2], bbox[3]1362        draw_commands += ["-stroke", color, "-fill", "blue", "-draw", "fill-opacity 0.2 rectangle %s,%s %s,%s" % (left, top, right, bottom)]1363        if show_number:1364            caption = "%s %s" % (index+1, iconFilename)1365        else:1366            caption = iconFilename1367        draw_commands += ["-stroke", "none", "-fill", color, "-draw", "text %s,%s '%s'" % (1368            left, top, _safeForShell(caption))]1369    if area != None:1370        draw_commands += ["-stroke", "yellow", "-draw", "fill-opacity 0.0 rectangle %s,%s %s,%s" % (area[0]-1, area[1]-1, area[2], area[3])]1371    _runDrawCmd(inputfilename, draw_commands, outputfilename)1372def drawClickedPoint(inputfilename, outputfilename, clickedXY):1373    """1374    clickedXY contains absolute screen coordinates1375    """1376    if inputfilename == None:1377        return1378    x, y = clickedXY1379    x -= _g_windowOffsets[_g_lastWindow][0]1380    y -= _g_windowOffsets[_g_lastWindow][1]1381    draw_commands = ["-stroke", "red", "-fill", "blue", "-draw", "fill-opacity 0.2 circle %s,%s %s,%s" % (1382        x, y, x + 20, y)]1383    draw_commands += ["-stroke", "none", "-fill", "red", "-draw", "point %s,%s" % (x, y)]1384    _runDrawCmd(inputfilename, draw_commands, outputfilename)1385def _screenToWindow(x,y):1386    """1387    Converts from absolute coordinats to window coordinates1388    """1389    offsetX = _g_windowOffsets[_g_lastWindow][0]1390    offsetY = _g_windowOffsets[_g_lastWindow][1]1391    return (x-offsetX, y-offsetY)1392def _windowToScreen(x,y):1393    """1394    Converts from window coordinates to screen coordinates1395    """1396    offsetX = _g_windowOffsets[_g_lastWindow][0]1397    offsetY = _g_windowOffsets[_g_lastWindow][1]1398    return (x+offsetX, y+offsetY)1399def drawLines(inputfilename, outputfilename, orig_coordinates, final_coordinates):1400    """1401    coordinates contains the coordinates connected by lines1402    """1403    if inputfilename == None:1404        return1405    # The command which will be run1406    draw_commands = []1407    for pos in xrange(len(final_coordinates)-1):1408        # Get the pair coordinates1409        (x, y) = (final_coordinates[pos][0], final_coordinates[pos][1])1410        (nextX, nextY) = (final_coordinates[pos+1][0], final_coordinates[pos+1][1])1411        # Convert to window coordinates1412        (drawX, drawY) = _screenToWindow(x,y)1413        (drawnextX, drawnextY) = _screenToWindow(nextX, nextY)1414        # Draw a pair of circles. User-given points are blue1415        if (x, y) in orig_coordinates:1416            draw_commands +=  ["-fill", "blue", "-stroke", "red", "-draw", "fill-opacity 0.2 circle %d, %d %d, %d" % (drawX, drawY, drawX-5, drawY-5)]1417        # Computer-generated points are white1418        else:1419            draw_commands +=  ["-fill", "white", "-stroke", "red", "-draw", "fill-opacity 0.2 circle %d, %d %d, %d" % (drawX, drawY, drawX-5, drawY-5)]1420        # Draw the line between the points1421        draw_commands += ["-stroke", "red", "-draw", "line %d, %d, %d, %d" % (drawX, drawY, drawnextX, drawnextY)]1422        draw_commands += ["-stroke", "black", "-draw", "line %d, %d, %d, %d" % (drawX+1, drawY+1, drawnextX+1, drawnextY+1)]1423    if len(final_coordinates) > 0:1424        lastIndex = len(final_coordinates)-11425        (finalX, finalY) = _screenToWindow(final_coordinates[lastIndex][0], final_coordinates[lastIndex][1])1426        draw_commands += ["-fill", "blue", "-stroke", "red", "-draw", "fill-opacity 0.2 circle %d, %d %d, %d" % (finalX, finalY, finalX-5, finalY-5)]1427    _runDrawCmd(inputfilename, draw_commands, outputfilename)1428def evaluatePreprocessFilter(imageFilename, ppfilter, words):1429    """1430    Visualise how given words are detected from given image file when1431    using given preprocessing filter.1432    """1433    global _g_preprocess1434    evaluatePreprocessFilter.count += 11435    preprocessed_filename = '%s-pre%s.png' % (imageFilename, evaluatePreprocessFilter.count)1436    _runcmd("convert '%s' %s '%s' && tesseract %s eyenfinger.autoconfigure hocr" %1437           (imageFilename, ppfilter, preprocessed_filename,1438            preprocessed_filename))1439    detected_words = _hocr2words(file("eyenfinger.autoconfigure.html").read())1440    scored_words = []1441    for w in words:1442        try:1443            score, word = findWord(w, detected_words)1444        except BadMatch:1445            return1446        scored_words.append((score, word, w))1447    scored_words.sort()1448    avg_score = sum([s[0] for s in scored_words])/float(len(scored_words))1449    evaluatePreprocessFilter.scores.append( (scored_words[0][0] + avg_score, scored_words[0][0], avg_score, ppfilter) )1450    evaluatePreprocessFilter.scores.sort()1451    # set the best preprocess filter so far as a default1452    _g_preprocess = evaluatePreprocessFilter.scores[-1][-1]1453    drawWords(preprocessed_filename, preprocessed_filename, words, detected_words)1454    sys.stdout.write("%.2f %s %s %s\n" % (sum([s[0] for s in scored_words])/float(len(scored_words)), scored_words[0], preprocessed_filename, ppfilter))1455    sys.stdout.flush()1456evaluatePreprocessFilter.count = 01457evaluatePreprocessFilter.scores = []1458def autoconfigure(imageFilename, words):1459    """1460    Search for image preprocessing configuration that will maximise1461    the score of finding given words in the image.1462    Returns configuration as a string.1463    """1464    # check image width1465    iUseImageAsWindow(imageFilename)1466    image_width = _g_windowSizes[_g_lastWindow][0]1467    resize_filters = ['Mitchell', 'Catrom', 'Hermite', 'Gaussian']1468    levels = [(20, 20), (50, 50), (80, 80), (5, 5), (95, 95),1469              (30, 30), (40, 40), (60, 60), (70, 70), (60, 60),1470              (10, 30), (30, 50), (50, 70), (70, 90), (80, 100)]1471    zoom = [1, 2]1472    for f in resize_filters:1473        for z in zoom:1474            for blevel, wlevel in levels:1475                evaluatePreprocessFilter(1476                    imageFilename,1477                    "-sharpen 5 -level %s%%,%s%%,3.0 -sharpen 5" % (blevel, wlevel),1478                    words)1479                evaluatePreprocessFilter(...
Automation Testing Tutorials

Learn to execute automation testing from scratch with LambdaTest Learning Hub. Right from setting up the prerequisites to run your first automation test, to following best practices and diving deeper into advanced test scenarios. LambdaTest Learning Hubs compile a list of step-by-step guides to help you be proficient with different test automation frameworks i.e. Selenium, Cypress, TestNG etc.